Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of growth period traits and plant height traits in soybean recombinant inbred lines from Dongnong 47 × PI 317334-B

High and stable yield is the main goal of soybean genetic improvement. In this study, association analysis was used to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the plant height, and soybean growth period using 182 SSR markers in the RIL population of 136 F_4:8 lines, which developed from a cross between photoperiod-insensitive cultivar ‘Dongnong 47’ and photoperiod-sensitive variety PI317334–B. The results showed that 33 QTLs related to soybean growth period and plant height traits were detected by compound interval mapping, and were located on 12 linkage groups including N, C1, C2, J, D1a, B2, E, G, A2, O, L, I, with the contribution rate of 7.85–33.84%. These QTL loci and linkage markers related to soybean photoperiod sensitivity, would be helpful to identify key genes that control soybean photoperiod sensitivity, and provide an important basis for the breeding of new photoperiod-insensitive soybean varieties based on molecular design breeding.     

黄羽肉鸡ACSL1基因多态性与腹脂性状的相关性研究

长链酯酰辅酶A合成酶(ACSLs)是长链脂肪酸通过硫代酯化进而合成酰基辅酶A衍生物所必需的酶,也是脂肪酸代谢的第一步。哺乳动物ACSL家族由ACSL1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5和ACSL65个不同的成员组成,ACSL1是主要的异构体之一。为探讨黄羽肉鸡ACSL1基因作为腹脂性状分子标记的可行性,本实验采用PCR-直接测序技术对黄羽肉鸡ACSL1基因进行遗传多态性分析。结果显示:黄羽肉鸡ACSL1基因第17到第18外显子区域(1295 bp)SNPs位点较丰富,T32126C、C32013T、A31958G这3个位点的等位基因频率符合哈代-温伯格平衡,且A31958G突变位点、T32126C突变位点与腹脂重、腹脂率不相关,C32013T突变位点对鸡的腹脂重与腹脂率有显著影响,提示能够利用C32013T突变位点对黄羽肉鸡腹脂重进行分子标记辅助选择。     

Cryptic species and population genetic structure of Plasmopara viticola in São Paulo State,Brazil

Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is one of the most important diseases in grape-growing areas worldwide, including Brazil. To examine pathogen population biology and structure, P. viticola was sampled during the 2015/16 growing season from 516 lesions on nine grape cultivars in 11 locations in subtropical areas of São Paulo State, Brazil. For identification of cryptic species, a subsample of 130 isolates was subjected to cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analysis, and for 91 of these isolates the ITS1 region was sequenced. These analyses suggest that the population of P. viticola in São Paulo State consists of a single cryptic species, P. viticola clade aestivalis. Seven microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic structure of all 516 P. viticola isolates, identifying 23 alleles and 55 multilocus genotypes (MLGs). Among these MLGs, 34.5% were clonal and represented 93% of the isolates sampled. Four dominant genotypes were present in at least five different locations, corresponding to 65.7% of the isolates sampled. Genotypic diversity (Ĝ = 0.21–0.89) and clonal fraction (0.58–0.96) varied among locations (populations). Most populations showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg expectations; in addition, excess of heterozygosity was verified for many loci. However, principal coordinate analysis revealed no clusters among locations and no significant isolation by distance was found, suggesting high levels of migration. The results indicate that downy mildew epidemics result from multiple clonal infections caused by a few genotypes of P. viticola, and reproduction of P. viticola in São Paulo State is predominantly asexual.     

基于形态特征和SSR标记的斑茅繁殖策略的研究

本研究以收集自我国7个省的45份野生斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum)为研究对象,在开放授粉条件下,通过测定斑茅的花粉与胚珠比(Pollen-ovule ratio,P/O)、杂交指数(Outcrossing index,OCI)以及基于简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeats,SSR)分子标记估计交配系统参数这3种方法,探究斑茅繁殖特性及其有性繁殖力的情况,为斑茅资源开发利用、杂交育种及繁殖技术提供基础依据。结果表明:斑茅P/O为5 897,杂交指数OCI为2;采用11对SSR引物对随机取样的15个斑茅半同胞家系共计1 158个子代进行交配系统参数估计,结果显示斑茅种群具有较高的异交率水平(t_m=0.864),多位点异交率和单位点异交率的差值不明显(t_m—t_s=0.012),亲本近交系数F大于0(F=0.318),表明斑茅以异交为主,并存在部分近交。综上所述,本研究初步认为斑茅的繁殖特性为异交为主、自交为辅的混合交配系统模式。     

基于不同烟草类型基因组重测序的烟草SSR标记的开发和应用

基于基因组重测序的分子标记研究是一种新的方法。本研究在普通烟草基因组序列已完全测定的基础上重测序了4个烟草品种（系）,包括烤烟类型（LY1306,秦烟96）2个,晒烟类型（Wanmao 3）1个,马里兰烟草类型（Wufeng 1）1个。结合在NCBI中测序并发布的K326和TN90品种的基因组序列,分析了这4个重测序的烟草品种的InDel突变和SNP突变位点,鉴定出7个具有品种多态性的SSR候选位点,其中5个SSR位点可扩增出DNA片段。通过对包括不同烟草类型在内的10个烟草品种进行PCR检测,表明本研究选出的SSR位点可用于烟草品种或烟草类型的分类,其中NW-015889872.1、NW-015854676.1和NW-015890969.1等3个SSR位点可有效区分烤烟、白肋烟和马里兰烟以及晒烟烟草类型。     

A proposal for enhanced EU herbage VCU and DUS testing procedures

Herbage production is regarded as having environment-friendly credentials. However, as the ruminant production it supports is facing major challenges on sustainability, environmental footprint and human health concerns, EU herbage cultivar testing must contribute to the solutions. Before new cultivars can be sold in a member state (MS) and gain EU-wide marketing, they must pass official tests to prove they are both novel (distinct, uniform and stable, DUS) with improved value for cultivation and use (VCU). Herbage species present specific challenges, as their allogamy imposes a wide within-cultivar variation that adds complexity to DUS tests and their “value” is only realized in ruminant produce. Current VCU systems measure production, chemical composition and disease/stress tolerances, often on large numbers of candidate cultivars, but prohibitive labour costs and logistics mean that animal intake, ruminant output or environmental benefits cannot be measured directly. Furthermore, some candidate cultivars with proven superior VCU fail DUS even though the non-distinct comparison is with a significantly lower performing registered cultivar. To resolve these problem cases, a “vmDUS” distinctness tool is proposed, which uses molecular markers but conforms to UPOV-declared principles. A short overview of current grassland research shows smart proxy measures of animal value can easily and quickly be adopted into an integrated pan-European (EU-VCU) test network. The proposed EU-VCU scheme will reallocate test resources to conduct these additional tests by placing MS in data sharing collaborations, while retaining their national listing authority. The benefits to all stakeholders from adopting these new testing procedures are considered.     

Numerical study on wave attenuation inside and around a square array of biofouled net cages

In this study, waves propagating through a square array of 16 net cages with different levels of biofouling are numerically studied using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. A porous-media fluid model is adopted to simulate both clean and biofouled netting of a cage array in waves. A numerical wave tank is built, and the oscillating-boundary method is adopted to generate waves. The flow motion is solved by the Navier-Stokes equations, and the free water surface is captured using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The numerical model is validated by comparing the numerical data with corresponding experimental measurements of a net-cage model with clean netting. To analyze wave attenuation, a numerical analysis of wave elevation both inside and around the cage arrays is presented, which considers the effect of biofouling. Based on the results of the present study, the effect of biofouling on wave elevation is noticeable; the damping effect of the cage array increases with increasing level of biofouling. Furthermore, the incident angle of waves has a noticeable effect on the wave field inside and around the cage array.     

An efficient method to produce segregating populations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Quinoa offers a promising alternative for staple food, considering its outstanding nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stresses. To develop breeding programmes in quinoa, a reliable crossing method for increasing the genetic variation is required. In the following study, we aimed to develop segregating populations in quinoa. We tested the efficiency of three different crossing methods (hand emasculation, warm water emasculation and no emasculation). Moreover we developed a two-stage selection strategy based on morphological traits and molecular markers for the selection of hybrid plants. We reported hand emasculation to be the most efficient crossing method, followed by warm water emasculation and no emasculation. Our results demonstrated that crosses in quinoa can be successfully performed, despite its complicated flower structure and high self-pollination rate. Additionally, we developed 30 segregating populations from crosses between accessions of different origins with varying phylogenetic relationship, which offers a promising perspective for quinoa breeding programmes in the future.     

抗条锈病小麦-滨麦Lm#3Ns二体异附加系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

滨麦(Leymus mollis)是小麦的三级基因源,具有改良小麦所需的许多优良性状。为了将滨麦中的优异基因导入到普通小麦中,通过远缘杂交获得小麦-滨麦异附加系、异代换系、易位系,以选自普通小麦7182与滨麦衍生后代M42(2n=54)F_6代的株系M11005-1-2-7-10-1-1(M11005A)为供试材料,对其进行了形态学、细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记、抗病性等综合鉴定。细胞学观察结果显示,M11005A有44条染色体且配对良好,可以稳定遗传。原位杂交及分子标记结果表明,M11005A含有42条普通小麦染色体和1对来自滨麦Lm#3Ns的染色体,并且用Oligo-pTa535探针得到了Lm#3Ns的FISH核型;筛选出6个EST及8个PLUG特异分子标记可以用来鉴定Lm#3Ns染色体,其中只有1个EST和4个PLUG标记可以同时在M11005A中扩增出滨麦和华山新麦草的条带,说明滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体与华山新麦草的3Ns基因组之间存在差异。M11005A的穗长、穗型、小穗数、千粒重与亲本7182无显著差异,但分蘖数较7182显著增加,株高显著降低。抗条锈病鉴定结果显示,苗期M11005A对条锈菌生理小种CYR29和CYR34表现高抗,对CYR32表现高感,成株期对CYR32和CYR33混合小种表现高抗,推测滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体携带对CYR29和CYR34小种的抗性基因,又携带了成株期对CYR32和CYR33的抗性基因。因此,M11005A可以作为抗源应用于小麦的条锈病抗性改良中。     

基于微卫星亲权鉴定技术的短蛸性选择研究

为研究短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)的性选择行为，本研究利用14个多态性微卫星标记，对3个母本、176个子代及17个候选父本进行亲权鉴定，对3个家系中有子代和无子代雄蛸、子代比例高和子代比例低的雄蛸的各形态参数进行t检验，并对子代比例高和子代比例低的父本与母本的遗传相似性与遗传距离进行分析。结果显示，短蛸为多雌多雄的交配模式，为真正意义的雌性混交动物；雄蛸有无子代与其形态参数无相关性；子代比例与父本的形态大小参数无关，而与父母本的遗传相似性和遗传距离有关，父母本遗传相似性越高，遗传距离越小，后代比例越高。本研究为揭示短蛸交配前后的性选择机制提供了重要线索，也为海洋头足类动物的性选择机制研究提供了基础资料。