基于FUNWAVE-TVD模型的离岸养殖围网内外波浪场数值模拟研究

本研究利用完全非线性Boussinesq数值模型FUNWAVE-TVD耦合多孔介质模型,建立了模拟围网波浪场的数值模型。将计算结果和实验数据进行对比分析,验证了该模型计算规则波在穿过网箱后传播过程的准确性。进一步研究了波高和周期等因素对围网内外波浪场特性的影响,探讨了围网波浪场特性与这些水动力因素的内在联系。结果显示,离岸养殖围网的存在使波浪场背浪侧出现衰减,波高衰减率受波浪周期影响较大,最大波高衰减达到93.3%。同时,较低频规则波的波高衰减区域呈辐射状趋势扩散,并随着波浪进一步传播,最大波高衰减位置开始向两侧扩散,围网背浪侧的波高衰减程度减小,波高有恢复趋势,而高频波浪的波高衰减区域则较为集中。本研究可为实际海域桩网围护的位置和构造提供分析依据。     

Experimental study on the effect of waves on netting panels at a range of angles to the wave direction

The effect of horizontal waves on flexible netting panels placed at angles to the wave direction is studied with the aim of evaluating the testing method of pre-tensioned mooring and radial systems and flexible netting structures. The netting was hung on a frame at a specific hanging ratio for ten types of polyethylene panels. Regular waves were experimentally generated with a wave period varying from 0.8 to 2.0 s and wave height ranging from 50 to 250 mm. The force on the netting structure was recorded by a tension transducer and a digital signal recorder. The results showed that the horizontal wave force on the netting panel changed periodically and asymmetrically when it was back and left or right declinate to the wave direction; similar results were found for the surface wave elevation. The opposite results were obtained when the sloping angle declinated front to the wave direction, with two obvious crests during each period. The horizontal wave force was related to the height and width of the netting panel, wave height, wave length, twine diameter, bar length of the mesh, and sloping angle relative to the wave direction. Using dual series relations, the least square approximation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis, the formula for estimating the maximum value of the wave force on the netting was obtained.     

海洋渔业装备生物附着控制技术研究进展

海洋生物附着一直是世界渔业发展面临的主要难题之一, 渔业装备长期整体或局部与海水接触, 生物附着会降低其使用寿命, 影响正常使用。因此, 深入研究生物附着现象, 采取合理、有效的措施抑制或降低海洋生物附着, 对实现渔业装备的长效使用以及提升海洋渔业经济效益具有重要的意义。本文概述了海洋生物附着的危害和附着机理以及中国沿海渔业装备生物附着情况, 并对现今世界生物附着控制技术进行了总结, 着重分析了自抛光共聚物及防生物附着涂料在海洋渔业船舶和海洋网箱系统中的应用, 为今后生物附着控制技术在海洋渔业装备的应用提供科学的参考。     

Numerical investigation of the hydrodynamic behaviors of multiple net cages in waves

Large fish farms that include multiple-cages are becoming common in the aquaculture industry. Selecting an appropriate mooring structure and arrangement of cages is necessary to avoid fish cage and mooring grid system failures. A numerical model based on the lumped mass method and the principle of rigid body kinematics is developed to predict the hydrodynamic response of a fish cage and mooring grid system to regular waves. To validate the numerical model, a series of experiments is conducted. The numerical results of this model correspond with those obtained from experimental observations. Then, two cage arrangements are investigated, and the effect of the wave direction is analyzed. The results show that when the wave incident angle is 0°, the maximum tension forces on the anchor lines of the two cage arrangements are close to each other. There is not a significant difference between the effective fish cage volumes of the two cage arrangements. However, if one anchor line is broken, the two cage arrangements have different degrees of risk of having the cage structures swept away. When the propagation direction of the incident wave changes, the tension forces on the anchor lines also change due to different transfer load paths.     

Numerical simulation of the flow field inside and around gravity cages

A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model is established to simulate the flow field inside and around the gravity cages in a current. The realizable k–ɛ turbulence model was chosen to describe the flow, and the governing equations are solved by using the finite volume method. In the numerical model the cylindrical cage is divided into 16 plane nets around the circumference and a bottom net, and the net is modeled using the porous media model. The unknown porous coefficients are determined from the hydrodynamic force on the net under different flow velocities and attack angles using the least squares method. In order to validate the numerical model, the numerical results of the plane nets were compared with the data obtained from two physical model tests. The comparisons show that the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Using the present model, this paper presents the flow field inside and around the gravity cages with different spacing distances and cage numbers. This study provides information about the flow field inside and around the fishing net cages.     

Experimental study on the effect of horizontal waves on netting panels

The effect of horizontal waves on flexible netting panels is examined in this study, to evaluate the testing method of pretensioned mooring, radial systems, and flexible netting structures. The netting was suspended at a specific hanging ratio for six polyethylene panels with different characteristics. The aim was to evaluate the calculation method for horizontal wave forces on flexible netting panels. A regular wave was used in the experiment, with wave period 0.8–2.0 s and wave height 50–250 mm. The force on the netting structure was recorded by a tension transducer and digital signal recorder, and was simulated by a cubic spline in terms of the wave experiment under different wave conditions. The horizontal wave force on the netting panel changed periodically and asymmetrically, which was similar to the surface wave elevation. The horizontal wave force was related to the netting panel height and width (l), wave height (H) and wave length (L), twine diameter (d) and bar length (a) of the mesh. Using dual series relations, least-squares approximation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis, the following formula was obtained for the horizontal wave average apex value (F) on the netting panel: F=0.13ρgl(H/2)²(d/a)(H ^0.64 L ^0.77/0.9a ^0.44).     

潜浮式船型桁架结构深海养殖网箱避浪性能研究

深海网箱作为现代海洋渔业拓展外海养殖空间的重要养殖装备，其布设环境一般较近海更为复杂恶劣，对于保障其安全性和稳定性提出了更高的要求。本研究针对一种单点系泊潜浮式船型桁架网箱开展了模型比尺为1︰40的波浪流水池试验，重点围绕该网箱在不同吃水深度受波浪作用的系泊受力、升沉、纵摇和横摇等水动力学特性进行了比较分析。试验结果显示，波高为7.5~12.5 cm时(原型3~5 m)，网箱漂浮状态即可以满足养殖需求，其系泊力及运动响应均较小，具备较高的安全性和稳定性；恶劣海况时，即本试验中波高为15.0和17.5 cm (原型6 m和7 m)，通过整体下潜的方式网箱具有良好的避浪性能，其中，系泊力减幅达70%以上，升沉、纵摇和横摇等运动分量减幅也达20%~60%；波流试验中，海流对网箱避浪性能存在一定的影响，但总体上仍然具有较好的避浪效果。研究结果可为单点系泊潜浮式深海网箱的安全运行与日常管理提供理论依据和数据参考。     

Effects of water flow velocity and fish culture on net biofouling in fish cages

The effects of water flow, fish feed and cage position on net biofouling was examined in a floating cage fish farm. Fouling of 16 mm mesh net panels suspended inside and outside net cages and exposed to different treatments were monitored weekly until net apertures were completely occluded by the fouling organisms (8 weeks). Results indicate a dramatic reduction in water flow velocity throughout the fish farm due to the cage units themselves and net biofouling. The reduced water flow (<10 cm s^?1) inside net cages promoted rapid net biofouling, while rapid water flow outside the net cages (>25 cm s^?1) kept the net fouling organisms at bay. Although fish rearing in net cages with inputs of commercial pellet feed increased sessile biofouling (222% higher than outside the net cages) and non‐sessile biofouling (570% higher), the type of fish feed used did not significantly affect biofouling development. The study recommends that the geometry of serially arranged net cages, as commonly deployed in tropical tidal estuaries, be reconfigured to improve flow through in order to minimize the impact of fouling.     

Water-tank experiment and static numerical analysis of the mooring system of a controllable depth cage

Recent variations in marine environments have increased the risk of aquaculture accidents at sea. This risk can be reduced by installing fish cages at the desired depth, based on environmental conditions such as wave height, the vertical profiles of water temperature, algal concentration, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Most submergible fish cages can be located at only two depths: the sea surface and a submerged depth. In the present study, a fish cage installed at various depths, i.e., a controllable depth cage (CDC), is proposed for avoiding undesirable environments. A water tank experiment is conducted to measure the drag of the cage and the static deformation of the mooring system using a scale model of the actual cage. Then, a simple numerical model based on the balance of forces on each component is developed to analyze the position and the attitude of the cage and the mooring tension of the system. The numerical model is verified by comparing the experimental and numerical results. The outcome showed that the cage and floats moved downstream at an increasing velocity. The results of the numerical simulation supported those of the water tank experiment. However, the simulated vertical positions of a cage and floats were higher compared with experimental results. Additionally, the inclination of angle increased alongside increasing velocity in the numerical simulation, whereas a complex variation was observed in the experiment. This happened because of underestimating the drag on the mooring rope in lower water current velocities; additionally, cage lift was not considered in the numerical model. Despite these discrepancies, the tension of each mooring rope was well predicted because of the dominant tension of the horizontal component. In future studies, the balance of forces on the rope should be predicted more precisely, and variations in cage drag and inclination angle should be included in the numerical model. Additionally, the effect of waves should be considered alongside water currents to ensure the safety of the CDC.     

波浪作用下半潜式养殖网箱水动力特性

半潜式深远海养殖网箱在波浪作用下会发生变形与运动。为保证网箱结构的稳定性,需对其水动力特性进行分析。本研究基于有限元法建立了波浪作用下一种半潜式网箱的数值模型,通过仿真计算求解网箱的锚绳受力与运动情况。首先,将计算机模拟值与物理水槽试验值进行比较,验证数值模型的准确性。然后,分别研究了半潜式网箱在3种压载状态下的动力响应情况,分析比较了不同波浪条件下网箱锚绳张力、垂荡、纵荡和纵摇的计算结果。结果显示,计算值与试验值基本吻合,二者的相对误差在5%左右。当波高一定时,网箱迎浪侧和背浪侧锚绳受力与波浪周期改变无明显关联;当周期一定时,两侧锚绳受力均随波高的增加而增大。网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值均与波高呈正相关,随着半潜式网箱吃水的增加,网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值基本呈减小趋势。网箱在3种压载状态下最大垂荡值和纵荡值分别为12.67 m和10.59 m,网箱在空载状态下的最大纵摇值≤15°,表明半潜式网箱结构具有较好的稳定性。研究结果可为我国深远海养殖网箱设计提供理论参考。     

Drag force acting on biofouled net panels

Measurements were made to assess the increase in drag on aquaculture cage netting due to biofouling. Drag force was obtained by towing net panels, perpendicular to the incident flow, in experiments conducted in a tow tank and in the field. The net panels were fabricated from netting stretched within a 1 m² pipe frame. They were towed at various speeds, and drag force was measured using a bridle-pulley arrangement terminating in a load cell. The frame without netting was also drag tested so that net-only results could be obtained by subtracting out the frame contribution. Measurements of drag force and velocity were processed to yield drag coefficients.

Clean nets were drag tested in the University of New Hampshire (UNH) 36.5 m long tow tank. Nets were then exposed to biofouling during the summer of 2004 at the UNH open ocean aquaculture demonstration site 1.6 km south of the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Nine net panels were recovered on 6 October 2004 and immediately drag tested at sea to minimize disturbing the fouling communities. The majority of the growth was skeleton shrimp (Caprella sp.) with some colonial hydroids (Tubularia sp.), blue mussels (Mytilus edulus) and rock borer clams (Hiatella actica). Since the deployment depth was 15 m (commensurate with submerged cages at the site), no algae were present. The net panels had been subject to several different antifouling treatments, so the extent of growth varied amongst the panels. Drag force measurements were made using a bridle-pulley-load cell configuration similar to that employed in the tow tank. Fixtures and instruments were mounted on an unpowered catamaran that was towed alongside a workboat. Thus, the catamaran served as the “carriage” for field measurements.

Increases in net-only drag coefficient varied from 6 to 240% of the clean net values. The maximum biofouled net drag coefficient was 0.599 based on net outline area. Biofouled drag coefficients generally increased with solidity (projected area of blockage divided by outline area) and volume of growth. There was, however, considerable scatter attributed in part to different mixes of species present.     

波浪作用下双层网底鲆鲽网箱水动力特性的数值模拟

根据有限单元法建立了波浪作用下双层网底网箱的受力运动模型，通过数值计算求解双层网底的位移与倾角。先将上层网底与下层网底的计算值进行比较，然后，将双层网底网箱中下层网底与单层网底网箱开展对比分析。计算结果显示，在波浪周期内，双层网底网箱的2层网底能保持相对平行的状态。2层网底的位移与最大倾角随着波高与周期的增大而增加，并且2层网底的倾斜方向一致。在相同波浪条件作用下，下层网底的水平位移大于上层网底，二者垂直位移差异较小，下层网底最大倾角值大于上层网底。研究发现，当波高为15 cm、周期为1.4 s时，双层网底网箱的2层网底的倾角相差最大，但并未发生接触碰撞，网底可以保持相对稳定。此外，双层网底网箱的下层网底的最大位移值小于单层网底网箱，最大倾角值大于单层网底网箱。研究表明，当波浪一定时，双层网底网箱的最大锚绳力均大于单层网底网箱。     

波浪作用下一种鲆鲽类方形网箱水动力特性数值模拟研究

针对鲆鲽类方形重力式网箱在纯波浪条件下的水动力特性,采用数值模拟的方法对鲆鲽类方形深水重力式网箱的主要部件——浮架系统、配重系统、锚碇系统进行了模拟。将模拟结果与实验结果进行分析比较表明,数模与物模各量值吻合良好,平均相对误差均不超过9%,表明数值模拟的方法能较好地模拟鲆鲽类方形深水重力式网箱的水动力特性。在此基础上,用数值模拟的方法,进一步研究了底框质量和网衣高度的改变对网箱各参数的影响,模拟结果显示,底框质量改变主要影响锚绳受力和底框倾角,底框质量从80 g升至100 g再升至140 g的过程中,锚绳受力平均增幅分别为13%和19%,同时增大底框质量有助于减小底框运动倾角,其平均降幅分别为8.8%和9.3%;网衣高度由20 cm增至30 cm后,锚绳受力平均增加15%,同时网衣的增高导致对浮架和底框的牵制作用加大,使得浮架和底框的运动幅度有所减小,降幅不超过10%。在以上研究结果的基础上,为鲆鲽类网箱的设计与优化提供了参考建议。     

Biofouling of salmon cage netting and the efficacy of a typical copper-based antifoulant

With the relatively recent advent of intensive aquaculture practices, there is a need for data on the contemporary biofouling and antifoulants associated with it. Therefore, experiments were conducted to yield data on the biological communities that develop on contemporary fish cage netting, both antifouled and untreated. The efficacy of a typical copper-based antifouling treatment was assessed through netting immersion trials performed at a salmon farm site in Clift Sound, Shetland. Over a 10-month period, regular samples were taken and data generated on the fouling biomass and species composition of the communities that developed. Furthermore, percentage net aperture occlusion values (PNO) were calculated with the aid of an image capture and analysis system, which is a methodology that shows excellent potential for use in future net fouling trials. Over the course of the trial, PNO values calculated from control netting rose quickly, but remained low for 150 days longer on treated nets; by day 210, PNO values were 98.72% and 3.06% for control and copper nets, respectively, immersed at 3 m. Following 10 months immersion, treated nets significantly reduced the biomass accumulation of biofouling compared to control nets (1.8 kg m^− 2 as opposed to 4.9 kg m^− 2). A total of 40 separate taxa were identified during the study, and species richness and composition data were significantly affected by the application of copper-based antifouling; for example, average species richness values were 16 and 9.75 for control and copper nets, respectively, immersed at 1 m. Of significance, the species Mytilus edulis and members of the Ascidiacea, including Ciona intestinalis and Ascidiella aspersa, were observed fouling the copper-treated netting.     

漂浮状态下重力式及碟形网箱锚绳受力特性的比较

深水网箱养殖是海洋牧场建设的重要手段之一，在其发展及应用过程中出现了多种结构形式，其中以重力式和碟形深水网箱应用最为普遍，国内外关于网箱的水动力特性已进行了不少研究，但结果存在较大差异。Colboume等曾对多种配重形式和锚碇形式的重力式网箱的水动力特性及运动特性进行试验，     

Drag force acting on biofouled net panels

Measurements were made to assess the increase in drag on aquaculture cage netting due to biofouling. Drag force was obtained by towing net panels, perpendicular to the incident flow, in experiments conducted in a tow tank and in the field. The net panels were fabricated from netting stretched within a 1 m² pipe frame. They were towed at various speeds, and drag force was measured using a bridle-pulley arrangement terminating in a load cell. The frame without netting was also drag tested so that net-only results could be obtained by subtracting out the frame contribution. Measurements of drag force and velocity were processed to yield drag coefficients.Clean nets were drag tested in the University of New Hampshire (UNH) 36.5 m long tow tank. Nets were then exposed to biofouling during the summer of 2004 at the UNH open ocean aquaculture demonstration site 1.6 km south of the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Nine net panels were recovered on 6 October 2004 and immediately drag tested at sea to minimize disturbing the fouling communities. The majority of the growth was skeleton shrimp (Caprella sp.) with some colonial hydroids (Tubularia sp.), blue mussels (Mytilus edulus) and rock borer clams (Hiatella actica). Since the deployment depth was 15 m (commensurate with submerged cages at the site), no algae were present. The net panels had been subject to several different antifouling treatments, so the extent of growth varied amongst the panels. Drag force measurements were made using a bridle-pulley-load cell configuration similar to that employed in the tow tank. Fixtures and instruments were mounted on an unpowered catamaran that was towed alongside a workboat. Thus, the catamaran served as the “carriage” for field measurements.Increases in net-only drag coefficient varied from 6 to 240% of the clean net values. The maximum biofouled net drag coefficient was 0.599 based on net outline area. Biofouled drag coefficients generally increased with solidity (projected area of blockage divided by outline area) and volume of growth. There was, however, considerable scatter attributed in part to different mixes of species present.     

A prediction on structural stress and deformation of fish cage in waves using machine-learning method

Generally, the hydrodynamics of a fish cage are investigated using numerical simulation, physical model experiments, and field measurements. However, these traditional research methods are time consuming and low in efficiency. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is built such that the hydrodynamic characteristics of a fish cage in waves can be predicted rapidly. The training data of the ANN model are generated by a well-developed numerical model from our previous studies. The parameters in the hidden layer of the ANN model are determined considering the prediction accuracy of the hydrodynamic results of the fish cage. The ANN model is validated against a well-developed numerical model with satisfactory accuracy. Using the proposed ANN model, the hydrodynamic results of the fish cage including the maximum tension in mooring lines, minimum effective-volume ratio, and maximum stress of the floating collar are predicted for various waves. Overall, the predicted results indicate a trend consistent with that of the previous studies. The present model can potentially forecast disasters for an oncoming typhoon, which is important for the hazard prevention of a fish farm.     

Numerical simulation of deformations and forces of a floating fish cage collar in waves

The dynamic behavior of a fish cage collar in waves was investigated using a numerical model based on the finite element method. The floating collar and mooring system were divided into a series of line segments modeled by straight massless model segments with a node at each end. To verify the validity of the numerical model, research data from other authors were cited and compared with the simulated results, the comparison of results showed a good agreement. The numerical model was then applied to a dynamic simulation of a floating cage collar in waves to analyze its elastic deformation and mooring line tension. The simulated results indicated that the greatest deformation of the collar taken place in the position of the mooring line connection point when incident waves were in the same direction. An increase in the length of mooring line would help to decrease the mooring line tension of the collar. Furthermore, the effects of collar dimension, including collar circumference, pipe diameter in cross-section, and pipe thickness, on the dynamic behavior of the floating collar were discussed. The results of this study provided a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of the fish cage collar.     

应用两种不同的波浪理论计算方形网箱水平波浪力

运用莫里森(Morison)和库兹涅佐夫(Kuznetsov)的计算方法对方形网箱及其构件受到的水平波浪力特性进行分析,分别依据正弦波和司托克斯二阶波理论,导出相应水平波浪力的迭加计算公式,并把计算结果与两种尺寸的网箱水槽试验进行对比验证。结果显示,正弦波理论计算值与试验值平均误差分别为11．19％和13．67％,二阶波计算平均误差分别为11．03％和13．87％,表明两者计算结论的差异性和计算方法的可行性。在波长、周期、波高和水深分别为150m、10．2s、10m、40m情况下模拟计算实物网箱水平波浪力,其二阶波受力峰值范围比正弦波的要窄、波谷值曲线要平坦,两者波浪力计算相差达8．70％,并且相差率与波高、波长成正比例关系,与水深成反比例关系,从而说明不同的波浪水域环境下应用不同波浪理论计算具有重要意义。     

海水网箱网衣防污技术的研究进展

海水网箱养殖中,网衣污损附着物会影响网箱设施安全及其养殖鱼类的健康生长,因此,网衣防污是网箱养殖业备受关注的问题。本文在简述海水网箱网衣分类与特点的基础上,重点介绍了人工清除法、防污涂料法、机械清除法、金属合金网衣防污法、箱体转动防污法、生物防污法、网衣本征防污法等网衣防污技术最新研究进展;结合本课题组在网衣防污方面的研究成果,分析上述防污技术的特点,为网衣防污技术的深入研究以及水产养殖业的绿色发展提供参考。我国海水网箱养殖业大有可为,但网衣防污工作仍任重道远。