生态系统服务权衡最新研究进展

生态系统服务权衡研究对协调生态环境保护和社会经济发展至关重要。为推动生态系统服务管理和提升人类福祉,本文以Web of Science核心合集(WOS)和中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)为数据源,运用文献计量分析法,系统梳理和总结生态系统服务权衡研究的学科知识基础、科学领域结构和热点变化等发展现状以及最新研究进展。研究表明:1)不同研究层面上,生态系统服务间的权衡关系受外部风险和人类需求、参数选取和服务提供者及区域差异性和不均衡性的影响。2)研究方法主要有基于关系识别和具体表征的权衡分析、权衡模拟和预测的模型量化分析和生态系统服务权衡管理优化的多准则分析3类。3)生态系统服务权衡关键驱动因子为城市化、生态工程和气候变化。基于此,我们认为把握生态系统服务权衡不同研究层面的关联特征、创新和优化生态系统服务权衡研究方法、准确甄别生态系统服务权衡关键驱动因子以及充分整合多维生态系统服务权衡资源搭建数据共享平台是未来研究的重点。     

不同栽培密度和钾钠离子处理对基质培番茄产量与品质的影响

以优质番茄品种京采6 号为试材，研究了不同栽培密度（3.8、5.0 株 · m^-2）与离子处理（K⁺、Na⁺）对基质培番茄生长、产量与品质的影响，构建了番茄果实品质综合评价指数TQI。结果表明：提高营养液中的K⁺ 浓度，能够在不影响产量的同时增加番茄第2 穗果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、糖酸比和VC 含量；栽培密度对番茄产量和品质的影响较小；栽培密度× 离子互作显著影响了第1 穗果实有机酸、亚硝酸盐含量与糖酸比；第2 穗果是生产高品质番茄的关键，其在3.8 株 · m^-2与高K+ 营养液条件下可获得最高的TQI。综合来看，建议在实际生产中控制栽培密度为3.8 株 · m^-2，同时采用高K+ 营养液灌溉，可在稳产条件下获得高品质番茄。     

NaCl胁迫对甜瓜生理指标及相关基因表达的影响

以薄皮甜瓜(IVF05、IVF89)和厚皮甜瓜(IVF117、IVF303)为试材,研究Na Cl(150 mmol·L~(-1))处理对4个甜瓜品种发芽、幼苗生长及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,在Na Cl胁迫下,薄皮甜瓜IVF89的生长指标受到的抑制作用最大,其发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度和胚轴长度分别下降23百分点、76.24%、46.71%和39.27%;厚皮甜瓜IVF303的生长指标受到的抑制作用最小,其发芽率下降不明显,发芽指数、胚根长度和胚轴长度分别下降46.52%、34.86%和23.08%;Na Cl胁迫提高了甜瓜幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,增加了游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白的含量;4个甜瓜品种幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和SPAD值均显著降低,IVF05、IVF89、IVF117和IVF303的Pn分别下降了64.44%、69.62%、61.23%、60.00%;4个甜瓜品种的卡尔文循环(Calvin)关键酶基因1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶基因(CmRubisco)、3-磷酸甘油酸激酶基因(CmPGK)和叶绿体型果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶基因(Cm FBPase)表达均显著下调,核酮糖-5-磷酸激酶基因(Cm PRK)表达大多上调;甜瓜耐盐相关基因质膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因(Cm SOS1)、液泡膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因(CmNHX1)、高亲和力K~+转运体基因(CmHKT1)和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖基转移酶基因(CmGnT)的表达均上调,其中IVF303的基因表达上调幅度最大。通过主成分分析、相关分析和聚类分析等综合分析方法,将4个甜瓜品种分为3类,IVF05和IVF89为盐敏感类型,IVF117为中耐盐类型,IVF303为强耐盐类型。     

Aquaponics and sustainability: The comparison of two different aquaponic techniques using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Aquaponics is generally regarded as a sustainable practice, but its environmental burdens were not yet deeply investigated. In this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to assess the environmental impacts of two hypothetical coupled aquaponics systems (CAPS): Raft System (RAFT) and Media-Filled Beds System (MFBS). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were considered as cultivated species in both systems. The Simapro^© software V.8.0 was used for calculation. The comparison between the two virtual systems indicated the floating technique as the less impacting one. Even though energy consumption appears to be higher in the floating system, LCA results were markedly influenced by the extensive use of inert materials in MFSB. In both systems, contribution analyses underlined that the main environmental impacts are related to infrastructures, electricity and fish feed. The LCA analyses carried out in this study highlights that the choice of less impacting materials, and the optimization of management practices, should be taken as priorities in order to reduce environmental impacts of this activity.     

华南农业大学农事训练课程的理论与实践——以养蚕与缫丝课为例

以养蚕与缫丝课程模块为例,对其课程内容安排、教学特点、考核方法进行分析,并对其所面临的问题展开探讨,旨在为进一步提高相关实践教学效果提供借鉴。     

利用因子分析综合评价9个西藏农家青稞品种的品质

随着青稞加工产业的发展,筛选西藏优质种质资源将有助于培育适宜加工的青稞品种。选取9个西藏农家青稞品种,以藏青25为对照,通过测定31项化学特性指标,建立品质综合评价体系。结果表明:经因子分析提取出6个特征值大于1的主成分,累积方差贡献率为94.65%,其中第1主成分的贡献率为49.81%,主要包含蛋白质及苏氨酸（THR）、脯氨酸（PRO）、丙氨酸（ALA）、缬氨酸（VAC）、亮氨酸（LEU）、苯丙氨酸（PHE）、组氨酸（HIS）、赖氨酸（LYS）、清蛋白、总氨基酸含量等指标;第2主成分的贡献率为13.85%,其中粗脂肪、直链淀粉、膳食纤维、γ-V_E、磷含量具有较大的载荷值。根据建立的品质综合评价模型,优良度得分排序为:藏青25>青21>隆子黑>拉萨长黑>联嘎木>拉萨短白>彭乃嘎布>江热俄久>直孔嘎夏>联木白稞。     

基于主成分与灰色关联分析的饲草小黑麦品种筛选与配套技术研究

为了筛选在山西省雁门关地区最适宜种植的小黑麦品种以及配套的高产优质栽培技术,利用主成分分析法和灰色关联度分析法综合评价不同小黑麦品种在不同密度和肥料条件下的产量和饲草品质。结果表明,小黑麦饲草品质指标中糖类和蛋白类指标变异较大,但是总的可消化养分以及能量品质变化较小。相关性分析表明,相对饲料价值（RFV）与粗蛋白含量、瘤胃降解蛋白含量、醇溶糖含量、总可消化养分、产奶净能、维持净能、增重净能和相对饲料质量（RFQ）均呈极显著正相关。RFV主要通过酸性和中性洗涤纤维计算而来,在单一指标中最能反映饲草品质。综合考虑灰色关联度和主成分分析方法,晋饲草1号（播种量150kg/hm²,复合肥750kg/hm²、尿素150kg/hm²）最适宜雁门关地区推广种植。     

Hydrodynamic method for estimating production carrying capacity of coastal finfish cage aquaculture in Southeast Asia

This paper presents the development of a simple and generally applicable hydrodynamic method for the estimation of production carrying capacity (PCC) of coastal finfish cage aquaculture. Dimensional analysis was used to find significant and general interdependencies between the hydrodynamics at fish farm locations and particulate wastes deposited on the seafloor by fish farms. Modeled ratios of deposition to emission of particulate wastes underneath fish farms were found to be primarily a function of the flow Reynolds numbers at the farming locations and the non-dimensional settling velocity of emitted wastes. In the non-dimensional model, farming conditions include daily feed rate, proportion of unconsumed feed, and carbon content in feed and fish feces. The relationship can be used to estimate the PCC of floating net cages imposing a threshold value for deposition. Results of in-situ assessments of the benthic impacts of several fish farms in an aquaculture site in the northwest of Bali, Indonesia were used to validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Predicted results were able to clearly identify fish farms operating beyond ecologically sustainable carrying capacity. The proposed method has broad applicability and could help make decisions regarding the estimation of production potential of individual farms in pristine areas, for providing first estimates in sites that have scarce data, and for assessment, expansion, and optimization of the currently operating aquaculture sites in Southeast Asia, China and potentially other data-poor island nations. As the method relies on dynamic models, it enables straightforward assessments over the entire aquaculture region.