Soil sterilization effects on root growth and formation of rhizosheaths in wheat seedlings

Sterilized soils are frequently used in experiments related to soil biology. Soil sterilization is known to alter physicochemical characteristics of soil, plant growth and community structure of the newly developed bacterial population. However, little information exists regarding soil sterilization effects on belowground processes mediated through root–microbe–soil interactions, e.g., development of rhizosheaths which significantly promote the plant growth under stress environments. The present study was conducted to elucidate effects of soil sterilization on wheat root growth and formation of rhizosheaths in relation to chemical changes caused by soil sterilization and the proportion of expolysaccharide (EPS)-producers in bacterial population recolonizing the sterilized soils. Wheat plants were grown for two weeks under greenhouse conditions either in the unsterilized soil or in soils sterilized by autoclaving (121 °C, 1 h) or by gamma (γ)-irradiation (50 kGy). While soil sterilization had no effect on the release of macronutrients, both sterilization procedures significantly increased the electrical conductivity, water-soluble carbon and DTPA-extractable Mn. Seedlings grown in sterilized soils produced higher root biomass and the rhizosheath soil (RS) mass as compared to those grown in the unsterilized soil. Soil sterilization also increased the root length, surface area, volume and number of tips. In bulk soil, RS and on roots, the proportion of EPS-producers in the total bacterial population was higher in sterilized treatments than in the unsterilized. Amending the unsterilized soil with glucose-C increased the root biomass, whereas adding Mn II increased the RS mass. The results showed that soil sterilization by autoclaving or γ-irradiation increases the root growth and RS mass of wheat seedlings. The water-soluble C and DTPA-extractable Mn released upon sterilization, and the increased proportion of EPS-producers in the bacterial population recolonizing the sterilized soils were involved in the observed effects. The results may have implications in studies using autoclaved or γ-irradiated soils to investigate soil–plant–microbe interactions and signify the need to account for intrinsic stimulatory effects of soil sterilization.     

海带孢子体光合活性对不同温度和光照的响应

为了从生理生态学角度解答温度和光照对海带孢子体生长过程的影响,探索海带孢子体对温度和光环境的生理响应机制,实验在测定养殖海域海带孢子体生长参数的基础上,设定了6、10、14和18°C 4个水温梯度的海带孢子体暂养实验,以及它们在0、25、70、133、230、317、421、582、786μmol photons/(m2·s) 9个光合有效辐射(PAR)梯度下的光合活性荧光参数测定。结果显示:①在6°C水温条件下,海带孢子体荧光参数Fv/Fm和Fv/F0最大,分别为0.71和2.40;在18°C水温条件下,其Fv/Fm和Fv/F0最小,分别为0.65和1.85;②暂养海带孢子体的光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(qN或NPQ)在18°C水温条件下达到最大,分别为0.92和3.29;③海带孢子体的快速光曲线随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增强呈现先上升后下降的趋势;④海域养殖海带孢子体的最大叶长增长速率、叶宽增长速率和干重增重率分别为1.34 cm/d、0.33 cm/d和1.01 g/d。研究表明,海带孢子体干重生长率变化与不同水温条件下的快速光曲线变化一致,高温抑制了海带孢子体光合效率;当环境光合有效辐射大于样品光饱和点(Em)后,海带孢子体相对电子传递速率下降,光合作用受到抑制。     

气候变化背景下舟山沿岸上升流区夏季水动力演变机制

全球变暖会对舟山沿岸上升流的驱动机制产生深远影响,继而作用于海域内的生态环境及渔业资源发生的变迁。使用三维海洋数值模型FVCOM,模拟研究了热通量、风场等气候环境因子变化下舟山沿岸上升流区夏季水动力及环境因子的分布特征。通过引入跃变检验方法来评估全球变暖对过去三十多年来舟山及其邻近海域的夏季海表温度的影响,发现在2016年前后发生了明显的跃变,跃变后海表温度相对于跃变前升高了约1 °C;热通量分析结果显示春季云量减小,短波辐射增加导致的海水热含量增加是夏季海水升温的重要原因;风速的时空变化表明舟山海域7月风速在近几十年有减弱的趋势。通过构建气候环境因子变化的敏感性数值模型实验探究了舟山沿岸上升流水动力的演变机制,结果表明海气热通量增加导致的表层海水吸热及平流热输运增加引起的海水层化加强会使得底层海水不易抬升;夏季风应力的减弱削弱了长江冲淡水低盐水舌的离岸扩展,导致上升流区上层海水的层化减弱,从而加强中下层海水向岸爬升,增加沿岸上升流的强度。     

长江口口门海域水体重金属时间变化趋势及预测

通过对2004—2017年长江口口门区域水体中Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg和As 5种重金属含量的调查,分析了北支、南支北港和北港北沙3个区域水体重金属含量的变化趋势及影响因素,并对未来几年重金属的含量进行了预测研究。结果显示,Cu和Pb在2011—2017年间整体呈现下降趋势,下降幅度低于2004—2008年, Zn和As在2011—2017年间一直处于稳定的下降趋势,Hg的下降趋势较小,5种重金属均在2011年和2015年前后污染物排放量增加时出现不同幅度的增长,且径流量较大的区域增长幅度较大;分析其影响因素得出,由于早期水体中重金属含量较高,治理投入成效大于污染物排放的影响,故2004—2008年Cu、Zn、Pb和As含量与环境治理投入呈显著负相关,与排污量之间相关性不显著;而在重金属含量控制到较低水平后,治理难度增加,成效减弱,污染物排放量成为了控制重金属含量的主要影响因素,故2011—2017年的重金属含量与环境治理投入相关性不显著,与排污量呈显著正相关;由于长江口3个区域在盐度和径流量等因素上存在差异,采用了ARIMA模型对不同区域的重金属分别进行预测,预测得出2020—2022年长江口口门处3个区域水体中重金属含量较低,变化趋势较为平稳,该模型具有较高的精度,误差在5.19%～11.82%之间,分区域预测可以突出不同区域重金属含量及变化特征,预测结果更具针对性,能够为未来治理方案的拟定提供一定依据。     

Response of the soil fungal community to multi-factor environmental changes in a temperate forest

Both environmental and climatic changes are known to influence soil microbial biomes in terrestrial ecosystems. However, there are limited data defining the interactive effects of multi-factor environmental disturbances, including N-deposition, precipitation, and air temperature, on soil fungal communities in temperate forests. A 3-year outdoor pot experiment was conducted to examine the temporal shifts of soil fungal communities in a temperate forest following N-addition, precipitation and air temperature changes. The shifts in the structure and composition of soil fungal communities were characterized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. N-addition regimen induced significant alterations in the composition of soil fungal communities, and this effect was different at both higher and lower altitudes. The response of the soil fungal community to N-addition was much stronger in precipitation-reduced soils compared to soils experiencing enhanced precipitation. The combined treatment of N-addition and reduced precipitation caused more pronounced changes in the lower altitude versus those in the higher one. Certain fungal species in the subphylum Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina distinctively responded to N fertilization and soil water control at both altitudes. Redundancy discrimination analysis showed that changes in environmental factors and soil physicochemical properties explained 43.7% of the total variability in the soil fungal community at this forest ecosystem. Variations in the soil fungal community were significantly related to the altitude, soil temperature, total soil N content (TN) and pH value (P < 0.05). We present evidence for the interactive effects of N-addition, water manipulation and air temperature to reshape soil fungal communities in the temperate forest. Our data could provide new insights into predicting the response of soil micro-ecosystem to climatic changes.     

基于GAM的长江口鱼类资源时空分布及影响因素

根据2006至2017年长江口及其邻近海域鱼类资源调查,运用广义加性模型研究长江口鱼类资源密度与环境因子之间的关系,并对2017年鱼类资源密度的时空分布进行预测。结果显示,春夏秋冬四个季节最佳GAM偏差解释率分别为69.6%、55.9%、51.4%和47.4%,交叉验证回归线斜率的平均效应为0.62～0.88。盐度、水温和溶解氧是影响长江口鱼类资源密度的主要环境影响因子且在不同季节对鱼类资源密度有不同的影响机制。总体上,在春、夏、秋季,盐度与鱼类资源密度之间存在正向相关性;在夏、秋、冬季,水温对鱼类资源密度有显著影响,在秋季与鱼类资源密度之间存在正向相关性;在春、秋、冬季,溶解氧对鱼类资源密度有显著影响,在冬季与鱼类资源密度之间存在正向线性相关。研究表明,2017年夏季鱼类资源密度较高;在长江口南支的自然延伸水域存在鱼类资源密度的相对低值,在崇明岛向海自然延伸方向水域存在鱼类资源密度的相对高值。后续研究将对长江口鱼类资源进行不同生态类型区分,以期更加准确地掌握影响各生态类型鱼类时空分布的环境因素及其时空分布信息。     

3种光照条件下六面锥型罩式人工鱼礁模型对花尾胡椒鲷的诱集效果

为了解不同光照条件下人工鱼礁的集鱼效果，观察了自然光、55W和26W3种光照条件下在试验水槽内六面锥型罩式水泥人工鱼礁模型对花尾胡椒鲷（Plectorhynchus cinctu）的诱集效果。结果表明，在未投入礁体模型情况下，试验鱼出现的密集区位于水槽左端区域，试验鱼在此区域的平均出现率分别为61．60％（自然光）、81．61％（55W）和82．07％（26W），而试验鱼在空白礁区的出现率均低于5％；放人礁体模型后，鱼礁区试验鱼的出现率分别上升至37．60％（自然光）、23．56％（55W）和15．75％（26W），而原密集区试验鱼的平均出现率分别下降至23．47％（自然光）、71．61％（55W）和67．59％（26W）。统计数据显示，六面锥型罩式水泥人工鱼礁模型对花尾胡椒鲷具有显著的诱集作用，其诱集效果随着光照强度的降低而减弱。     

汞离子胁迫对红鳍笛鲷抗氧化酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

为探讨鱼体抗氧化系统以及神经系统对水体中汞胁迫的响应机制,在实验条件下研究了汞离子对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼[体长为(4.95±0.79)cm,体重为(4.57±2.02)g]的急性毒性及对鱼体肝脏、鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及脑组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力的影响。结果表明:半静水实验条件下,汞离子对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼的安全浓度为0.040mg/L。汞离子暴露6h时,各浓度组的肝脏SOD酶活均比对照组有显著升高(P<0.05)。随暴露时间的增加,低浓度组SOD的活性变化较小,而高浓度组鱼体肝脏SOD的活性出现被诱导或被抑制的现象,表明鱼体在高浓度汞胁迫下抗氧化系统出现一定程度的紊乱。鳃的SOD活力在暴露6h亦显著升高,随时间的延长,各浓度组SOD的活性具不同程度的下降趋势。MDA含量的变化表明,鳃组织在暴露6h时已开始受到显著损伤(P<0.05),而肝在6h时无显著变化,在12h时开始受损伤。脑组织AChE活性在暴露6h时略受抑制(P>0.05);暴露12h时高浓度组显著增加(P<0.05),诱导率平均为36%;汞离子暴露24h时,鱼脑AChE的抑制率分别为28%～38%;暴露48h、96h时抑制率...