入侵性食叶害虫椰子织蛾的单倍型多样性分析

【目的】分析危害棕榈科Palmae植物的一种重要入侵食叶害虫椰子织蛾Opisina arenosella单倍型在原产地和入侵地的分布特点,揭示椰子织蛾入侵我国的虫源信息。【方法】利用线粒体COI基因分析16个地理种群共计172个样本,比较椰子织蛾印度种群和入侵地(中国、马来西亚和泰国)种群的遗传关系。【结果】片段长度为625 bp的172条序列共鉴定出12个单倍型,包含15个变异位点,构成2个明显的单倍型分支,其中一个分支由11个单倍型(IN1～IN11)组成,均来自印度种群,单倍型IN1是6个印度种群的共享单倍型,IN2～IN11为独享单倍型;另一个分支为单倍型HAP,由来自中国、马来西亚和泰国的种群共享;HAP与11个来自印度的单倍型IN1～IN11均存在4个变异位点。【结论】入侵地区的椰子织蛾种群来自同一基因型或者具有相同的入侵源;椰子织蛾种群入侵后受环境选择压力,在新栖息地产生新的突变或杂交。     

我国草地贪夜蛾的防控对策与建议

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是世界性重大农业害虫,该虫自2019年1月入侵我国云南省到5月下旬,在不到5个月的时间里就已经入侵了长江流域及其以南的15个省(市、自治区)。预计6月和7月将到达我国的玉米主产区黄淮海夏玉米区和北方春玉米区,受威胁玉米面积1 300多万hm~2,将严重威胁我国的玉米生产安全。我国玉米的种植布局随季节和纬度变化从南至北递次推移,时间和空间上互补,为草地贪夜蛾提供了丰富的食物资源,为其种群区域性迁移和周年繁殖为害提供了良好的自然条件。为做好草地贪夜蛾的防控工作,及时控制其为害,本文在总结国内外防控草地贪夜蛾经验教训的基础上,初步提出了我国草地贪夜蛾的防控对策。     

Comparative functional responses of native and high‐impacting invasive fishes: impact predictions for native prey populations

Comparative functional responses (FRs) can predict impacts of invasive species, including piscivorous fishes, via quantifying their depletion of native food resources as a function of prey density. The utility of FRs for predicting impacts on prey populations by invasive fishes of different trophic guilds was tested here by comparing the FRs of the invaders Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus, with three native, trophically analogous fishes, Barbus barbus, Squalius cephalus and Tinca tinca. Chironomid larvae and Gammarus pulex were used as prey items. Predictions, developed from studies on the foraging of C. carpio and C. auratus in the literature, were that the invaders would have significantly higher consumption rates for chironomids than the native fishes, but not for G. pulex. Mean consumption rates for chironomids were significantly lower for both invaders than B. barbus and S. cephalus, but were similar to T. tinca. Barbus barbus had a significantly lower consumption rate of G. pulex than both invaders, but there were no significant differences between S. cephalus, T. tinca and the invaders. All FRs were type II, with FR curves for the invaders preying upon chironomids never being significantly higher than the native fishes, contrary to predictions. For G. pulex, some significant differences were apparent between the invaders and native fishes, but again were contrary to predictions. These results indicated that when predation impacts of invasive fishes could also be a function of their population density and body sizes, these parameters should be incorporated into FR models to improve impact predictions.     

沙漠蝗生物学特性及防治技术研究进展

历史记载中,沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria(Forsk.,1775)主要在北非发生,对当地农作物构成严重威胁。大规模发生时,可向西亚等地继续扩散为害。2020年初沙漠蝗在巴基斯坦、印度大量发生,肆虐为害,对粮食安全和生态安全构成了严重威胁。因其具有迁飞性,周边多个国家面临重大入侵风险。因本次沙漠蝗发生规模与破坏程度堪比1985年非洲蝗灾,2020年2月11日,联合国粮农组织(FAO)向全球发布预警:"高度戒备正在肆虐的蝗灾,防止被入侵国家出现粮食危机"。本文介绍了沙漠蝗分类地位、形态学特征,概述了沙漠蝗生物学特性、监测预警与防治技术研究进展,为科学防控沙漠蝗提供理论支撑。     

Major ascaroside pheromone component asc-C5 influences reproductive plasticity among isolates of the invasive species pinewood nematode

Pheromones are communication chemicals and regulatory signals used by animals and represent unique tools for organisms to mediate behaviors and make “decisions” to maximize their fitness. Phenotypic plasticity refers to the innate capacity of a species to tolerate a greater breadth of environmental conditions across which it adapts to improve its survival, reproduction, and fitness. The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, an invasive nematode species, was accidentally introduced from North America into Japan, China, and Europe; however, few studies have investigated its pheromones and phenotypic plasticity as a natural model. Here, we demonstrated a novel phenomenon, in which nematodes under the condition of pheromone presence triggered increased reproduction in invasive strains (JP1, JP2, CN1, CN2, EU1, and EU2), while it simultaneously decreased reproduction in native strains (US1 and US2). The bidirectional effect on fecundity, mediated by presence/absence of pheromones, is henceforth termed pheromone-regulative reproductive plasticity (PRRP). We further found that synthetic ascaroside asc-C5 (ascr#9), the major pheromone component, plays a leading role in PRRP and identified 2 candidate receptor genes, Bxydaf-38 and Bxysrd-10, involved in perceiving asc-C5. These results suggest that plasticity of reproductive responses to pheromones in pinewood nematode may increase its fitness in novel environments following introduction. This opens up a new perspective for invasion biology and presents a novel strategy of invasion, suggesting that pheromones, in addition to their traditional roles in chemical signaling, can influence the reproductive phenotype among native and invasive isolates. In addition, this novel mechanism could broadly explain, through comparative studies of native and invasive populations of animals, a potential underlying factor behind of the success of other biological invasions.     

生态入侵植物豚草及其综合防治

豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia自从传入我国后,现已遍布全国大部分地区,对人体健康和生态环境均造成严重危害,导致生物多样性丧失,带来巨大的经济损失,是一种典型的“绿色污染”,已成为我国危害最为严重的生态入侵植物之一。根据其自身的生态学特性及其危害以及当前所使用的各种防除方法,同时考虑生态系统的可持续发展确立了防除豚草应采取以生物防除、替代控制为主体,辅以人工防除、化学防除的综合治理策略。     

基于最大熵模型预测小火蚁在我国的适生区

小火蚁是中国大陆新发现的重要外来入侵害虫, 目前对该虫的传入来源和在我国的适生区范围尚不明确?为明确我国小火蚁适生区范围, 有效防控该虫在我国的扩散和蔓延, 本研究通过该虫全球已有的分布数据, 采用最大熵模型对其适生区进行了预测?研究表明, 最大熵模型预测小火蚁适生区精度较高?预测结果显示, 我国小火蚁的潜在适生区主要分布于南方, 其中, 高适生区分布在台湾?海南?云南南部边境?广西西南局部?福建西南部?广东南部及其沿海地区?预测结果与该物种现有地理范围的生态条件一致?年降水量对小火蚁的适生性影响最大, 理论年降水量为2 040 mm时小火蚁分布的概率最高?随着全球气候变暖, 未来我国小火蚁的适生区有向北扩大的趋势, 但主要适生区还是以南方为主?     

两种沉水植物在不同水深和生长时期对入侵植物的响应

为研究沉水植物在不同水深和生长时期对不同种类入侵植物的响应,选取2种湿地入侵植物凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes、水盾草Cabomba caroliniana和2种常见本地沉水植物黑藻Hydrillaverticillata、菹草Potamogeton crispus为研究对象,通过模拟试验探究在不同水深（0.2、0.4 m）和生长时期（生长初期和生长旺期）的本地沉水植物对2种入侵植物的响应。结果显示,当水深为0.4 m时更有利于黑藻的生长,并可削弱入侵植物对黑藻生长的消极作用,而水深对菹草的生长无显著影响;入侵植物种类对本地沉水植物的生长无显著影响,但影响方式却存在差异,其中水盾草倾向于直接抑制本地沉水植物的生长,而凤眼莲可以通过降低水体透明度以及总磷含量进而间接抑制本地沉水植物的生长。此外,外来植物在本地沉水植物生长初期入侵对本地沉水植物产生的消极影响较生长旺期入侵时更显著。表明凤眼莲及水盾草入侵对本地沉水植物生长的影响机制存在差异,本地沉水植物在适宜水深和生长旺期对2种入侵植物具有更强的抵抗能力。     

Global parasite and Rattus rodent invasions: The consequences for rodent‐borne diseases

We summarize the current knowledge on parasitism‐related invasion processes of the globally invasive Rattus lineages, originating from Asia, and how these invasions have impacted the local epidemiology of rodent‐borne diseases. Parasites play an important role in the invasion processes and successes of their hosts through multiple biological mechanisms such as “parasite release,” “immunocompetence advantage,” “biotic resistance” and “novel weapon.” Parasites may also greatly increase the impact of invasions by spillover of parasites and other pathogens, introduced with invasive hosts, into new hosts, potentially leading to novel emerging diseases. Another potential impact is the ability of the invader to amplify local parasites by spillback. In both cases, local fauna and humans may be exposed to new health risks, which may decrease biodiversity and potentially cause increases in human morbidity and mortality. Here we review the current knowledge on these processes and propose some research priorities.