贵州省水土流失现状及防治对策

该分析了贵州省人口、经济与生态环境之间的动态关系。根据水土流失面积大，发展速度快，区域性强，以坡耕地侵蚀为主的特点。提出人口增长，粮食不足造成坡地农业扩大是水土流失的根本原因。水土流失使区域生态系统严重退化，旱、涝等自然灾害加剧，已成为贵州山区经济发展的重要障碍和农村贫困的根源。从持续发展战略角度提出了贵州省水土流失的防治对策。     

模拟自然条件下黄土区坡地的大气、土表及土壤水交互作用的动力学模型及其应用

The mechanism of atmospheric,surface and soil water interactions( water transformation) in hillslope under natural conditions was analyzed,and a dynamic model was developed to simulate infiltration,overland flow and soil water movement during natural rainfall in hillslope,by bringing froward concepts such as rainfall intensity on slope and a correction coefficient of saturated soil water content for soil surface seal.Some factors,including slope angle,slope orientation and raindrop inclination,which affect the rainfall amount on slope, were taken into account while developing the dynamic model.The effect of surface seal on infiltration and water balance under a boundary condition of the second kind was aslo considered. Application of the model in a field experiment showed that the model simulated precisely the infiltration,overland flow and sol water monvement in hillsope under natural rainfall conditions.     

黄土坡面细沟水流佛汝德数试验研究

采用组合小区模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面细沟水流水力学特性佛汝德数(Fr)进行试验研究。结果表明:1细沟水流流态判别指标Fr随径流历时的变化,在不同雨强及坡度下皆表现为减小趋势,皆可用指数方程描述;2细沟水流平均Fr随雨强及坡度的增大而增大,可分别用幂函数方程和指数方程描述,随雨强、坡度的变化可用二元指数方程描述;3在不同雨强及坡度下,一次降雨径流过程的细沟水流平均Fr变化于6.309~7.336之间,表明坡面细沟水流流态属于急流。     

振动平板压实机的使用性能试验

该文对为黄土高原径流林业集水坡面压实作业所设计的轻型振动平板压实机的使用性能进行了测定，结果表明机器压实后的土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤硬度、机器生产率、作业成本等各项指标均大大优于人工作业．当在大片土地上连片作业时，机器作业的生产率是人工作业的５０倍，成本是人工作业的１／５，土壤硬度、土壤容重均高于人工作业．在小块地作业时移动和起动频繁，作业的辅助时间较长，但机器作业的生产率也达到人工作业的３５倍，成本是人工作业的１／４．这些确定了机械压实在集水坡面压实作业中使用的可行性．     

Assessment of tillage translocation and tillage erosion by hoeing on the steep land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China

Most of the tillage erosion studies have focused on the effect of tractor-plough tillage on soil translocation and soil loss. Only recently, have a few studies contributed to the understanding of tillage erosion by manual tillage. Furthermore, little is known about the impact of tillage erosion in hilly areas of the humid sub-tropics. This study on tillage erosion by hoeing was conducted on a purple soil (Regosols) of the steep land, in Jianyang County, Sichuan Province, southwestern China (30°24′N and 104°35′E) using the physical tracer method.

The effects of hoeing tillage on soil translocation on hillslopes are quite evident. The tillage transport coefficients were 26–38 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass and 121–175 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass respectively for k₃- and k₄-values. Given that there was a typical downslope parcel length of 15 m and two times of tillage per year in this area, the tillage erosion rates on the 4–43% hillslopes reached 48–151 Mg ha⁻¹ per year. The downslope soil translocation is closely related to slope gradient. Lateral soil translocation by such tillage is also obvious though it is lower than downslope soil translocation. Strong downslope translocation accounts for thin soil layers and the exposure of parent materials/rocks at the ridge tops and on convexities in the hilly areas. Deterioration in soil quality and therefore reduction in plant productivity due to tillage-induced erosion would be evident at the ridge tops and convex shoulders.     

坡面泥石流发生的地貌信息初探——以重庆市北碚区为例

坡面泥石流的发生是地貌信息的综合反映,是地表能量在各种因素影响下的再分配。坡面泥石流堆积物是坡地系统总能量减少的最好证明,堆积物体积的大小与坡面泥石流宽度、坡积物厚度、流域高差、流域狭长度、坡度和沟谷纵比降等地理要素密切相关。本文以北碚区坡面泥石流为例,初步探讨了坡地总能量的减少与各种地貌要素的关系,并通过多元回归的方法求取了坡地总能量减少的回归方程。检验后证明回归系数与0有显著差别,该回归方程有意义。     

岩溶区坡面土壤侵蚀特征研究

以重庆南川岩溶区为例,用137C s法研究了岩溶区坡面土壤侵蚀特征。结果表明,坡面上部侵蚀速率较小,平均侵蚀速率为400.8 t/(km2.a),最大侵蚀速率为1 138.4 t/(km2.a);坡面中部侵蚀加剧,平均侵蚀速率2 264.8 t/(km2.a),最大侵蚀速率可达3 760 t/(km2.a);坡面下部侵蚀减弱甚至堆积。土壤表层有机质、表层粘粒及水稳性团聚体含量在坡面上的变化与土壤侵蚀速率具有负相关趋势。     

黄土坡面细沟形态及其量化参数特征

通过黄土坡面模型和人工模拟降雨试验,定量分析了在45,87和127mm/h降雨强度下坡面细沟形态量化参数特征。结果表明,细沟形态量化参数随雨强的增加并不是单一的增加或减少,而是随着侵蚀的发展呈波动变化。裸地1和裸地2由于土壤容重的不同表现出不同的变化趋势。细沟分形维数与长度、密度间存在良好的正相关关系,说明非线性量化参数与传统单因子量化参数之间不是孤立的。分形维数作为整体性的量化参数,在坡面侵蚀发育的一定阶段内能够较好地表征细沟长度、密度的变化趋势。     

黄土坡面细沟水流流型试验研究

采用组合小区模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面细沟水流流型进行了试验研究。结果表明:(1)细沟水流流型判别指标雷诺数随径流历时的变化,在不同雨强及不同坡度下皆表现为先增大随后转为较平稳的变化过程,皆可用幂函数方程描述;(2)细沟水流平均雷诺数分别随雨强及坡度增大而增大,均可用对数方程很好地描述,随雨强及坡度的变化可用二元幂函数方程描述;(3)细沟水流在不同雨强下几乎一直处于层流状态,两个最大雨强在产流开始9min后变为过渡流,而在不同坡度下也一直处于层流状态,两个最大坡度在产流开始15min后变为过渡流;(4)在试验雨强及坡度条件下,一次降雨径流过程的细沟水流平均雷诺数变化范围为327~457,表明细沟水流流型在试验条件下大致处于层流状态。细沟水流雷诺数随流量的变化呈显著的线性正相关关系。     

VARIATION IN SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AND NITROGEN STOCKS ALONG A TOPOSEQUENCE IN A TRADITIONAL MEDITERRANEAN OLIVE GROVE

The impact of the topographical position on soil properties was evaluated in an olive grove with traditional tillage. Three topographical positions: summit, backslope and toeslope were chosen for evaluation. The soil samples were taken from four soil sections of 0·25 m (0–1 m). The soil organic carbon (SOC) and N content increased along the downslope direction (5·5, 6·5 and 7·1 g C kg⁻¹ and 0·3, 0·8 and 0·9 g N kg⁻¹ in the surface layer in the summit, backslope and toeslope respectively) as well as SOC and N stocks, considering the two first soil sections. In addition, there was movement of the most erodible textural fraction (silt). However, the total SOC stock (refer to 1 m of depth) did not vary with respect to the topographical position, but the total N stock (refer to 1 m of depth) varied significantly. These increases were due to erosion processes that occur along the toposequence, leading to organic matter transfers from the summit to the toeslope. All the stratification ratios calculated were lower than 2, indicating the low quality of the soils. Therefore, alternative management techniques that avoid soil erosion must be considered in olive grove in order to increase the soil quality and fertility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.