黄土坡面片蚀过程动力学机理试验研究

片蚀是坡面侵蚀演变的初始形态,揭示片蚀动力学机理,找出与片蚀关系最密切的水动力学参数对有效防治片蚀具有重要意义。该文采用人工模拟降雨方法,对黄土坡面片蚀过程动力学机理进行了研究,结果表明:1)一次降雨过程的黄土坡面片蚀模数对水动力学参数平均值响应关系的相关系数大小顺序为平均断面单位能量>平均水流功率>平均单位水流功率>平均水流切应力;2)降雨过程中黄土坡面片蚀率对水动力学参数瞬时值响应关系的相关系数大小顺序是断面单位能量>水流功率>单位水流功率>水流切应力;3)水流断面单位能量是与试验条件下黄土坡面片蚀动力学过程关系最密切的水动力学指标,是描述试验条件下片蚀动力学过程最好的动力学参数。试验条件下黄土坡面片蚀动力学过程的发生发展根源于坡面片蚀中水流断面单位能量的动力作用。     

黄土坡面细沟侵蚀过程

采用具有定流量放水组合小区模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀过程进行模拟试验。结果表明：不同坡度和不同降雨强度下,细沟侵蚀率都呈现随径流变化过程的递增而增大的趋势,并且幂函数方程可以较好地模拟出其变化过程,同时在径流变化过程中,不同坡度下细沟侵蚀率随径流过程变化的递增速率总体上大于不同降雨强度下的递增速率;细沟侵蚀模数随坡度及降雨强度的增大皆增大,可分别用对数方程及指数方程很好地描述,坡度及降雨强度对细沟侵蚀模数的综合作用可用二元幂函数方程很好地描述;试验条件下,水流切应力是细沟侵蚀过程发生发展的动力根源。     

黄土坡面细沟水流流速试验研究

流速是最基本、最重要的水流水力学参数之一,阐明细沟水流流速变化的特征对于揭示坡面细沟侵蚀动力学过程机理具有重要作用。采用具有定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面细沟水流流速进行了试验研究。结果表明:(1)细沟径流流速随径流历时的变化过程在不同雨强下不断递减,可用指数方程很好地描述,递减速率在产流后6min内较大,以后减小,各雨强下递减速率基本分别一致;(2)细沟径流流速随径流历时的变化过程在不同坡度下也不断减小,可用指数方程很好地描述,各坡度下变化趋势一致,整个径流过程中减小速率也基本一致;(3)细沟水流平均流速随雨强增大而增大,可用对数方程很好地描述;随坡度增大而增大,可用幂函数方程很好地描述;随雨强及坡度的变化可用二元对数方程描述。     

黄土坡面土壤侵蚀动态变化过程试验研究

采用人工模拟降雨试验的方法对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀动态变化过程进行了研究.(1)不同雨强条件下,土壤侵蚀强度随降雨过程的动态变化趋势基本一致,整体皆随降雨历时的增长而递增,并皆可用对数线性组合方程很好地描述.开始降雨后的15 min和35 min是侵蚀强度随降雨过程变化的转折点;(2)不同坡度条件下,土壤侵蚀强度皆随雨强的增大而迅速增大,变化趋势基本一致,可用线性方程很好地描述;(3)不同雨强条件下,土壤侵蚀强度随坡度的增加表现为先增大后减小的趋势,可用对数线性组合方程很好地描述,25°左右是侵蚀强度发生变化的临界坡度;(4)不同雨强条件下,土壤侵蚀强度随坡长的增加整体表现为先增大后减小的趋势,可用对数线性组合方程很好地描述,坡长80 cm左右是侵蚀强度发生变化的转折点;(5)土壤侵蚀强度随雨强、坡度、坡长的动态变化可用三元线性方程描述,雨强对土壤侵蚀的影响远超过坡度与坡长,且坡度与侵蚀强度的关系较坡长为密切.     

土壤初始含水率对坡面降雨入渗及土壤水分再分布的影响

在防止土壤侵蚀和雨后抑制蒸发的条件下，利用室内人工降雨试验，研究了土壤初始含水率对坡面降雨入渗、湿润锋运移及土壤水分再分布规律的影响。结果表明：初始含水率越高，产流越快，平均入渗率越小，达到稳定入渗率的时间也越短；当初始含水率均匀分布时，降雨入渗和再分布过程中湿润锋面平行坡面垂直向下整体运移，坡面降雨入渗过程可以简化为一维；当初始含水率非均匀分布时，初始含水率越高，再分布过程中湿润锋的运移速率越大，但在降雨入渗过程中，湿润锋的运移速率与土体的湿润程度和范围有一定的关系；坡面上方来水(径流)虽然对湿润锋运移速率影响不大，但对入渗有一定的促进作用；再分布过程中，土壤水分有沿坡向下运移的趋势。     

Rangeland hillslope lengths: A case study at the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed,southeastern Arizona

Rangeland hillslopes provide much of the sediment supplied to channel systems and their lengths exert a fundamental constraint on hillslope diffusive processes. However, information regarding lengths of rangeland hillslopes, and how best to estimate them, is limited. In this study, three groups of watersheds (10 in total) were selected from the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed according to their geology, soil and vegetation characteristics. Group 1 watersheds were at lower elevations dominated by shrubs, Group 3 were at high elevations dominated by grass, and Group 2 were mixed shrub and grass. Their hillslope lengths were calculated from 1 m-resolution DEMs using three methods: a flow routing algorithm, slope-area relationships, and inverted relationship with drainage density. Parameters that characterize the current watersheds, including Hack's exponent and coefficient, watershed shape coefficient, channel concavity and steepness, and surface roughness, were quantified and related to hillslope lengths. Results shows: (1) estimated hillslope lengths were different for the three methods and between the three groups of watersheds; (2) hillslope lengths that measured from the flow routing algorithm for the ten selected watersheds primarily ranged from 30 to 100 m, with a median value of 63.0 m, which was 20%–50% greater than those derived from slope-area plots or drainage densities; (3) hillslope lengths estimated from the flow routing method were greater in Group 3 watersheds than in Group 2 and then in Group 1 watersheds. We attributed these differences in hillslope lengths to the historic epeirogenic pulses, watershed and drainage network morphology, and differences in vegetation characteristics; (4) measured hillslope lengths from the flow routing algorithm were best correlated with hillslope relief, then surface roughness, channel steepness and concavity. These results would benefit the applications of hydrological and erosion models in rangelands.     

六盘山华北落叶松坡面土壤饱和导水率空间异质性及其影响因素

为深入理解森林坡面土壤饱和导水率的空间变异,利用经典统计学和地统计学的方法研究六盘山华北落叶松人工林坡面不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间异质性,并基于相关性分析揭示其空间变异的主要因素。结果表明:(1)随土层的加深,土壤饱和导水率逐渐增加,不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间变异程度存在差异,表现为40—60 cm土层土壤饱和导水率为强变异,其他土层均为中等变异。(2)不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间结构也存在差异,20—40,40—60,60—80 cm土层土壤饱和导水率表现为强烈的空间自相关性,0—20,80—100 cm土层土壤饱和导水率表现为中等空间自相关性。(3)坡面土壤饱和导水率与石砾含量、非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、田间持水量和毛管孔隙度显著相关。综上,研究坡面土壤饱和导水率具有较强的空间变异,石砾含量和土壤物理性质是影响研究坡面土壤饱和导水率空间分布的主要因素。     

降雨和地形因子对黑土坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究降雨强度和地形因子(坡度和坡长)对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响。试验处理包括2个降雨强度(50、100mm/h),2个坡度(5°、10°),2个坡长(5、10m)。结果表明:不同试验处理条件下,当降雨强度由50mm/h增加到100mm/h,坡面径流量增加1.4~12.4倍;当坡长由5m增加到10m,坡面径流量增加0.1~3.1倍;坡度对坡面径流量的影响较复杂,受降雨强度和坡长的综合影响。降雨强度、坡度和坡长皆对坡面侵蚀量有重要影响。当降雨强度由50mm/h增加到100mm/h时,坡面侵蚀量增加4.2倍;当坡度由5°增加到10°时,侵蚀量增加0.4倍;当坡长由5m增加到10m时,侵蚀量增加0.5倍,表明降雨强度增加对黑土区坡面侵蚀量影响最大。而当降雨强度、坡度和坡长均增大时,坡面侵蚀量增加18.0倍,说明这3个因素交互作用对坡面侵蚀的影响远大于各因素的单独影响或2个因素交互作用的影响。坡面径流量与降雨强度的关系最密切,其次是降雨强度-坡长交互作用和降雨强度-坡度-坡长交互作用;坡面侵蚀量与降雨强度-坡度-坡长交互作用的相关关系最显著,其次是降雨强度和降雨强度-坡长交互作用。分别建立了坡面径流量和侵蚀量与降雨强度、坡度和坡长的经验关系式。     

台北市山坡地之开发特性与其对下游水文环境冲击之研究

本研究系针对台北都会区四周之山坡地,进行连续之地文与水理分析,目的在了解都市化山坡地之迳流特性,期就定量之研究分析,推估不同型态之土地利用及开发度,对下游水文环境所造成之冲击,并提出对应之建议。本研究首先建立台北市山坡地开发程度与其地文条件之评估模式,再配合於山沟谷口间设置水文环境监测站,以掌握山坡地之动态水文资料。经评估结果,本研究共规划设置六座水文环境监测站,对都市化山坡地之尖峰流量、稽延时间、泥砂产量、地下水位及水质变化进行长期监测。其监测资料,经验证分析之结果显示,当集水区不透水面积提高至40%时,其洪峰流量将提高2.7倍;同时亦发现当集水区不透水面积在5%以下时,其洪峰流量增加并不显着,但不透水面积提高至20%～40%范围之间时,其洪峰流量则有显着提升之现象。故於高度都市化集水区进行水理分析时,应特别考虑都市化现象对迳流机制之影响,同时该集水区之总开发度亦不宜超过30%,以避免对下游之水文环境造成冲击。     

Effects of soil degradation and management practices on the surface water dynamics in the Talgua River Watershed in Honduras

When tropical forests are felled, subsequent land uses affect surface runoff, soil erosion, and soil compaction. In some cases, they can markedly change the hydrology of a region with disastrous effects on human life. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of rainfall on stream hydrology due to conversion of primary forests to agriculture. Near surface water dynamics were compared for three land uses on the steep hillsides in the Talgua River Watershed in Honduras: degraded grass‐covered field; traditional coffee plantation; and primary forest. Infiltration and surface runoff rates were measured using several methods. A clear difference was observed in hydraulic conductivity between the degraded and non‐degraded lands. The degraded grass‐covered hillslopes developed a surface restrictive layer with a low saturated hydraulic conductivity of 8 to 11 mm/hr, resulting in more frequent overland flow than traditional coffee plantation and primary forest. Soils under the latter two land‐use types maintained high infiltration capacities and readily conducted water vertically at rates of 109 and 840 mm/hr, respectively. Dye tests confirmed that the coffee plantation and primary forest both maintained well‐connected macropores through which water flowed readily. In contrast, macropores in the degraded soil profile were filled by fine soil particles. Soils in the degraded grass‐covered field also showed more compaction than soils in the coffee plantation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.