陡坡林地坡面保土作用的机理

在对陡坡坡面侵蚀特点理解的基础上，从物理原理出发，导出了有林地和无林地（裸露地）的侵蚀过程模型；并在人工降雨试验的基础上，对模型的适应性进行了检验。     

Estimating Sediment Delivery Ratios for Grassed Waterways using WEPP

Grassed waterways (GWWs) transport sediment and nutrients from upland source areas to receiving waters. Watershed planners have a critical need to understand GWW sediment delivery to optimally target source area management practices. Better physically based tools are needed to estimate sediment delivery by GWWs. This study developed several distributed sediment delivery ratio (SDR) regressions for GWWs using the process‐based Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to provide simple equations to estimate sediment delivery for planning applications. Water Erosion Prediction Project was calibrated and validated for runoff and sediment yield for large 30.2‐ha and smaller 5·7‐ha nested watersheds with terraces and a common GWW outlet. A crop rotation of corn, oat and alfalfa and fall tillage using chisel plow were used in the nested watersheds. A hypothetical management case without terraces using corn, oat and alfalfa rotation with chisel plow as fall tillage was also evaluated for the 5·7‐ha watershed and the GWW. The length, slope, Manning's roughness coefficient and infiltration rate for the GWW were varied and SDRs calculated for 30 representative (in terms of daily rainfall) days over a 20‐year period of simulated climate. Regressions were developed for the existing (terraced) and hypothetical (non‐terraced) management scenarios for early (April–July), late (August–October) and full (April–October) growing seasons. Equations developed for the non‐terrace watershed had higher R ² values compared to the terraced watershed suggesting that channel and rainfall parameters were better able to explain the variation in SDR for the non‐terraced watershed. Manning's roughness coefficient was the most significant parameter for predicting SDR for both the terraced and non‐terraced watersheds. The equations developed here can be used to estimate SDRs for watersheds that are drained via GWWs having similar physical characteristics: slope (1–5%), Mannings's roughness coefficient (0·1–0·3), length (0·15–1 km) and infiltration rate (0·025–25 mm h⁻¹). The SDRs can be used to estimate sediment yield, which is an essential element for making land management decisions but is rarely measured. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

亚热带丘岗地农业持续发展的途径——以脱甲乡生态农业建设为例

长沙县脱甲乡属典型的亚热带丘岗地貌和气候类型,其社会、经济、生态环境状况在亚热带丘岗地区亦有一定的代表性。该乡采用规划指路、系统协调发展和依靠科技进步等多种途径,经过8年多的生态农业建设实践,取得了显著的经济效益,使该乡农业呈现出持续稳定发展的态势。     

雨强和坡度对黄土陡坡地浅沟形态特征影响的定量研究

浅沟形态特征是建立陡坡地坡面浅沟侵蚀预报模型的基础。为了定量研究黄土陡坡地浅沟形态特征,在长8 m、宽2 m、深0.6 cm的试验土槽上制作了雏形浅沟,设计了2个降雨强度(50、100 mm/h)和3个浅沟发生的典型坡度(15°、20°、25°),利用模拟降雨和径流冲刷(10 L/min)相结合的试验方法定量分析了黄土陡坡地的浅沟形态特征。结果表明:降雨强度和坡度的增加均加快了坡面浅沟侵蚀过程并使浅沟沟槽宽度和深度不断增加,25°和100 mm/h降雨强度下的浅沟沟槽平均宽度和深度比15°和50 mm/h降雨强度下的分别增加1.40和0.61倍。根据测针板法得到的3 cm×10 cm精度的地表高程值数据,在Surfer软件中生成不同试验处理下的地面数字高程模型(DEM,digital elevation model)及水流流路图等,发现坡度的增加使两侧坡面细沟汇入浅沟沟槽的坡长增大,而降雨强度的增加则导致浅沟沟槽两侧坡面细沟汇入浅沟沟槽的坡长缩短,同时,沟道密度、地面割裂度和浅沟复杂度均随着降雨强度和坡度的增加而呈现增大的趋势,三者分别变化于0.74~1.48 m/m2、0.13~0.29和1.64~2.84之间,而不同降雨强度和坡度条件下浅沟沟槽宽深比变化于0.65~1.27之间。基于不同试验处理下的DEM,根据相邻格网关系在水平方向上计算方向导数后发现,方向导数格网等值线图可以有效地反映坡面浅沟和细沟的长度、表面积及侵蚀最严重的浅沟沟底位置。     

Hydrological Responses and Flow Pathways in an Acrisol on a Forested Hillslope with a Monsoonal Subtropical Climate

The nature of subsurface flow depends largely on hydraulic conductivity of the vadoze zone, permeability of the underlying bedrock, existence of soil layers differing in hydraulic properties and macropore content, soil depth, and slope angle.Quantification of flow pathways on forested hillslopes is essential to understand hydrological dynamics and solute transport patterns.Acrisols, with their argic Bt horizons, are challenging in this respect.To further elucidate flow pathways of water and short-term variability of soil moisture patterns in Acrisols, a field study was conducted on a forested hillslope in a sub-catchment of the Tie Shan Ping(TSP)watershed, 25 km northeast of Chongqing City, China.This catchment is covered by a mixed secondary forest dominated by Masson pine(Pinus massoniana).Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity(K sat) was significantly reduced at the interface between the AB and Bt horizons(2.6 × 10~(-5) vs.1.2 × 10~(-6) m s~(-1)), which led to that the flow volume generated in the Bt horizon was of little quantitative importance compared to that in the AB horizon.There was a marked decrease in porosity between the OA and AB horizons, with a further decrease deeper in the mineral subsoil.Especially, the content of soil pores 300 μm was higher in the AB horizon(14.3%)than in the Bt horizon(6.5%).This explained the difference in soil K sat values.This study showed that Bt horizon had limited water transport capability, forcing part of the infiltrated rainwater as interflow through the OA and AB horizons.Thus, the topsoil responded quickly to rainfall events, causing frequent cycles of saturation and aeration of soil pores.     

雨滴打击对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀特征的影响

基于模拟降雨试验和纱网覆盖消除雨滴打击作用的试验方法,研究雨滴打击对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀特征的影响。试验包括3种黄土高原代表性的侵蚀性降雨强度(50、75、100 mm/h)和3个细沟侵蚀发生最常见的坡度(10°、15°和20°)。结果表明,与有雨滴打击试验处理相比,纱网覆盖消除雨滴打击后,坡面径流稳定产流率和含沙量均明显减小;坡面侵蚀量和细沟侵蚀量分别减少28.1%~47.7%和20.2%~38.6%;而细沟侵蚀对坡面侵蚀的贡献率增加。消除雨滴打击后,坡度对细沟侵蚀的影响与有雨滴打击时相同,而降雨强度对细沟侵蚀的影响增加。有、无雨滴打击试验处理的细沟密度和割裂度均随着降雨强度和坡度的增加而增大;而细沟倾斜度的变化较为复杂,所以细沟密度和割裂度可作为描述细沟形态的最佳指标。试验结果还表明,雨滴打击对细沟沟槽形状也有间接影响,即消除雨滴打击后,细沟宽度和深度的变异程度减小,沟槽形状更为规则。同时,有雨滴打击试验处理的细沟宽深比随着坡度和降雨强度的增加而减小,而无雨滴打击试验处理的细沟宽深比随着坡度的增加而减小,随着降雨强度的增加呈微弱的增加趋势。     

黄土坡面细沟径流过程试验

 采用具有定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨试验方法,对同坡度不同降雨强度及同降雨强度不同坡度条件下的黄土坡面细沟径流过程进行模拟试验研究,结果表明:1)不同降雨强度下,细沟径流率随径流过程的变化在3个大降雨强度下为先逐步增大随后转为稳定的变化过程,2个小降雨强度下变化较平缓,稍有后期大于前期的趋势,皆可用幂函数方程描述;2)不同坡度下,细沟径流率随径流过程的变化表现为随径流历时的增长而递增,15min以后接近于稳定,变化过程一致,可用幂函数方程很好地描述;3)不同坡度下细沟径流率随径流过程的变化与不同降雨强度下总体上具有相似性,都随径流历时增长呈先增大后趋于稳定或稍有后期大于前期的变化趋势,但细沟径流率随径流过程的增加速率在不同坡度下比不同降雨强度下大;4)同坡度下,细沟径流深随降雨强度增大而增大,可用对数方程很好地描述;同降雨强度下,细沟径流深随坡度增大相应增加,可用对数方程很好地描述;细沟径流深随降雨强度及坡度的变化可用二元对数方程很好地描述。     

黄土坡面细沟水流阻力的试验研究

水流阻力是重要的水力学参数之一,阐明细沟水流阻力系数变化特征对于认识细沟水流水力学性质及细沟侵蚀动力学过程机理具有重要意义。采用具有定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀过程中的水流阻力进行了试验研究。结果表明:(1)细沟水流阻力系数随径流历时的变化,在不同雨强条件下不断增加,增大趋势总体一致,产流15min后增速出现差异,可用指数方程很好地描述。(2)细沟水流阻力系数随径流历时的变化,在不同坡度条件下也不断增大,变化过程总体一致,产流15min后增速也出现差异,可用指数方程很好地描述,不同坡度下阻力系数差异较不同雨强下稍大。(3)细沟水流平均阻力系数随雨强增大而减小,可用对数方程进行描述;随坡度增大而增大,但增幅很小,可用指数方程描述;随雨强与坡度的变化可用二元指数方程描述。     

干旱半干旱区坡面覆被格局的水土流失效应研究进展

植被恢复与建设是控制水土流失的重要措施.在干旱半干旱地区,植被在空间上的分布呈现离散特征,在坡面上形成的裸地-植被镶嵌和植被条带分布等覆被格局对水土流失过程具有重要影响.覆被格局与水土流失关系研究是景观生态学格局与过程研究的重要内容.从植被斑块、坡面覆被格局对水土流失的影响与耦合覆被格局与水土流失的手段和方法三个方面对国内外相关研究进行总结分析.从中发现,植被类型、层次结构和形态特征是植被斑块尺度上影响径流泥沙的关键因素;不同覆被类型的产流产沙特征与覆被格局的准确描述是研究覆被格局水土流失效应的重要基础;坡面覆被格局对水土流失的影响关键在于其改变了径流泥沙运移和汇集的连续性,应重点关注径流泥沙源汇区的连通性和空间分布在水土流失中的作用;以坡面的精确覆被制图为基础,建立基于水土流失过程的覆被格局指数和耦合格局信息的径流与侵蚀模型是定量研究覆被格局影响的有效手段.今后应加强以下研究:以动态系统的观点研究覆被格局的变化对水土流失的影响,系统理解覆被格局与水土流失之间的相互联系与反馈机制,探讨两者间动态关系随尺度变化的规律性并发展尺度上推方法;构建过程意义明确且简单实用的格局指数,将覆被格局与水土流失过程有机联系起来;发展覆被格局的动态信息与产流产沙过程相结合的水文模型,加强对格局与径流泥沙反馈系统的耦合,建立真正意义上的覆被格局-水土流失过程耦合模型.     

黄土坡面下坡位片蚀过程试验研究

坡面片蚀强度具有沿程空间变化性,阐明坡面不同坡位的片蚀过程对于完善坡面土壤侵蚀理论具有重要意义。采用组合小区模拟降雨试验方法对黄土坡面下坡位片蚀过程进行了研究,结果表明：（1）坡面下坡位片蚀特征与坡面上坡位及全坡面片蚀特征存在差异,下坡位片蚀规律性较差;（2）坡面下坡位片蚀随降雨过程、雨强和坡度的变化均呈现波动性,总体上随降雨过程先增大后稳定,随雨强及坡度的增大而增大;（3）坡面下坡位片蚀随雨强和坡度的变化可用二元线性方程描述,雨强的影响远大于坡度;（4）坡面上坡位汇流和下坡位产流及上坡位输沙对下坡位片蚀的影响可用二元线性方程描述,其中前者贡献率为56.9%,后者贡献率为25.4%,水的作用显著大于沙的作用。采取增加坡面入渗、减少径流的水保措施可有效防治坡面下坡位片蚀。