坝上地区奶牛舍和犊牛舍冬季有害气体的检测

试验旨在研究高寒地区奶牛舍和犊牛舍冬季有害气体的含量变化,选取河北省坝上高原具有代表性的3种奶牛舍和4种犊牛舍,检测冬季不同时间段牛舍内外空气中氨气(NH₃)和二氧化碳(CO₂)的含量。结果显示,不设舍外运动场的奶牛舍中CO₂含量极显著高于带舍外运动场的奶牛舍(P < 0.01),且晚上CO₂含量高于早上和中午,最高达4 481.7 mg/m³(奶牛舍1)。所有犊牛舍CO₂含量均表现为早晚高、中午低的规律性,所有奶牛舍和犊牛舍内CO₂含量均极显著或显著高于净道或运动场(P < 0.01;P < 0.05)。3种奶牛舍19:00后NH₃含量出现急剧升高的趋势。奶牛舍3只检测到低浓度的NH₃,波动范围为0~0.36 mg/m³,犊牛舍的NH₃含量介于0.71~5.28 mg/m³。综上所述,奶牛舍和犊牛舍有害气体含量与牛舍建筑类型和结构相关,密闭性好的牛舍CO₂和NH₃含量均较高,甚至出现CO₂含量严重超标的现象。为降低舍内的有害气体含量,寒冷地区应在考虑牛舍保温设计的同时,兼顾通风换气的设计,以改善牛舍的空气质量。     

The effects of feeding frequency on waiting time,milking frequency,cubicle and feeding fence utilization for cows in an automatic milking system

Abstract

In this trial, the effects of the forage feeding frequency on the waiting time prior to milking and the cowshed facility utilization by cows milked in an automatic milking unit (AMU) were studied. The feeding frequency was increased from two times per day to six times per day. It was found that the average waiting time per visit for cows using the AMU was reduced from 755 s to 351 s when the feeding frequency was increased. The daily number of visits (milking visit, failed milking visit and not qualified visit) to the AMU was not affected by the change in feeding frequency. It was also found that increasing the feeding frequency had a positive effect on utilization of the cowshed facilities, such as the occupation of the feeding fence, and on the cowshed facilities in the waiting area (cubicles) of the AMU.     

棚式牛舍的温热环境及其对乳牛产奶量的影响

以一栋棚舍和其中所饲养的奶牛为对象,系统地测定了舍内、外的气温、湿度、风速、辐射强度、黑体温度及屋顶热流量,并计算了奶牛产奶量的环境影响系数。结果表明:夏季舍内旬均THI值全超过了荷斯坦牛热应激的临界值,舍内热辐射强烈,黑体温度高;环境影响系数以7～9月为较大的负值,对奶牛产奶最不利。冬季舍内寒冷,同时受舍外气流的影响;但环境影响系数仍然为正值,对奶牛产奶量影响相对较小。这在一定程度上还提示,中原地区可以采用棚式乳牛舍,增加棚舍高度和选用高热阻屋顶材料利于夏季防暑     

Evaluation on Air Environment of a Large Tower Type Cowshed for Dairy Cattle in Northern China

In this study, the air environment quality indicators of a large tower type cowshed for dairy cattle in North China were monitored and evaluated at all seasons of one year, including the indicators of thermal environment, the content of ammonia (NH₃), carbon dioxide (CO₂), microbe and the dust in the air. The objective was to study the change rules of the mentioned indicators, to evaluate whether this type of cowshed could meet the production requirements, and to provide theoretical basis for the design and daily management of the cowshed in the Northern region of China. The results showed that all the indicators mentioned above varied with seasons and time to some extent. The wind speed inside was below the standard of dairy cattle cowshed in summer, and the temperature in 14∶00 of summer was above 27 ℃, and THI was beyond 69, so the dairy cattle suffered slight heat stress in summer. The other air environment quality indicators monitored in any time and any space all met the standard. In conclusion, the tower type cowshed monitored was suitable for dairy cattle in North China, but some facilities should be added to decrease the temperature and the heat stress in summer.     

吸附剂XF-4对不同季节奶牛舍中NH_3和CO_2的吸附效果

为吸附剂XF-4在养殖生产上控制空气污染的推广应用提供参考,进行了吸附剂XF-4对不同季节奶牛舍中NH_3和CO_2的吸附效果试验。结果表明:1kg吸附剂XF-4吸附NH_3、CO_2的量春季分别为15.69g和2.30g,夏季为10.24g和1.70g,秋季为18.36g和3.29g,冬季为20.65g和4.38g。吸附剂XF-4吸附NH_3、CO_2的重量分别与pH值呈极显著和显著正相关,与湿度呈显著和极显著正相关,与温度呈极显著和显著负相关。吸附剂XF-4在悬挂4~7h吸附效果最好,悬挂31h需要更换吸附剂。     

北方地区大型钟楼式奶牛舍空气环境的评价

试验对北方地区某大型钟楼式奶牛舍一年内不同季节舍内、外的空气环境指标,包括温热环境指标、CO₂和NH₃含量、空气中的粉尘和微生物含量进行测定,旨在了解其变化规律,评价其是否满足奶牛健康生产的要求,以便为北方地区奶牛舍的设计和日常管理提供理论依据。结果表明,所测指标随季节或时间均呈现出一定的变化规律;所监测奶牛舍夏季舍内风速低于标准,中午（14∶00）舍内温度超过27 ℃,温湿指数（THI）>69,奶牛在夏季产生轻度的热应激;除此以外,在不同时间、不同位点监测的其他各项空气环境指标均符合奶牛的饲养标准。综合测定结果,试验所监测的钟楼式奶牛舍较适合北方地区的奶牛养殖,但建议增加防暑降温措施,以减少奶牛在夏季产生的热应激。     

两种牛舍在不同季节对种公牛鲜精品质的影响

本文针对河南省鼎元种牛育种有限公司180头采精种公牛的采精情况,分析两种牛舍(开放牛舍和封闭牛舍)在不同季节对种公牛日平均采精量、密度、活力的影响,以便在生产中采取相应的措施改善种公牛饲养管理条件。结果发现,春、秋两季两种牛舍对种公牛采精量、密度、精子活力的影响无显著差异,但总体上开放式牛舍略优于封闭式牛舍。冬季封闭牛舍的种公牛采精量、精子活力显著高于开放牛舍(P<0.05)。因而认为,春秋季开放牛舍更适合种公牛的饲养,冬季封闭牛舍更利于种公牛精子质量的提高。     

自然通风牛舍环境监测传感器布局策略对比研究

牛舍多采用自然通风,舍内环境参数空间分布规律与密闭式机械通风的猪舍和鸡舍有所不同.针对牛舍环境监测传感器布局问题,该研究分别采用传统均匀布点和谱聚类布点两种布局方法,分析了1～8个传感器共27种布局在夏、冬、过渡3个季节共12组试验数据下的传感器部署方案.研究结果表明:在牛舍环境监测传感器部署过程中,传统布局中蛇形(无...     

新疆北疆地区某集约化肉牛养殖场春季环境指标评价

为了解新疆伊犁地区昭苏县肉牛养殖环境状况,评价其环境质量,本研究对该县某典型集约化肉牛养殖场的相关环境指标进行了测定。采用DT-8820四合一多功能环境表(光照强度、温度、湿度、噪音)、智能气体检测报警仪(二氧化碳(CO₂)、氨气(NH₃)、甲烷(CH₄))和LD-5C微电脑激光粉尘仪(可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP))对新疆昭苏县某集约化肉牛养殖场肉牛舍春季(4月下旬)上述环境指标进行为期10 d的测定。结果表明,该牛舍春季每天采光时间为08:00~18:00,约10 h;光照强度、温度、湿度和噪音平均值分别为105.61 Lux、16.30 ℃、49.56%和64.59 dB;CH₄、CO₂和NH₃浓度平均值分别为0.09、880.91和0.51 mg/m³;PM10和TSP浓度平均值分别为0.030和0.010 mg/m³。通过对上述指标的日周期和时周期变化可发现牛舍平均温度超过国标最高限值,持续时间为11:00~24:00,约13 h。综上所述,除牛舍温度指标外,该牛舍测定的各项环境指标参数均符合畜禽养殖环境标准,该牛舍春季环境较适宜肉牛生产,但需要采取相应措施对牛舍温度进行调节以保证动物的福利需求。     

不同地面形式自然通风奶牛舍冬季温室气体和氨气排放量

研究不同地面形式对我国自然通风奶牛舍气体排放量的影响。选取河南省郑州市中荷奶牛培训中心2个典型的带有放牧场自然通风奶牛舍,牛舍地面分别为漏缝地板和实体地面,使用CO_2平衡法计算通风换气量,同时测试分析舍内冬季温室气体和NH_3的排放量。结果表明:1)采用改进的CO_2平衡法计算的自然通风牛舍通风量与奶牛的生产阶段有关;2)漏缝地板牛舍内CO_2、N_2O、NH_3和CH_4的质量浓度均显著高于实体地面牛舍(P0.05),2栋奶牛舍内CO_2和CH_4浓度存在一定的正相关关系(R~2=0.37～0.65);3)漏缝地板牛舍的NH_3和CH_4排放量显著高于实体地面牛舍(P0.05),其NH_3排放量分别为19.83和11.45 g/(HPU·d),CH_4排放量为117.22和32.66 g/(HPU·d)。漏缝地板牛舍的N_2O排放量和实体地面牛舍无显著差异,其排放量分别为0.12和0.11 g/(HPU·d);4)温度可以显著影响舍内NH_3排放量,舍内温度与氨气的排放量呈现正相关关系(R~2=0.76)。实体地面奶牛舍内温室气体和NH_3的浓度和排放量均低于漏缝地板奶牛舍,主要原因是实体地面的清粪次数明显高于漏缝地板。因此,漏缝地板牛舍需要增加粪坑中粪尿的清除次数,以此降低舍内有害气体的浓度和排放量。