Zinc biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.): Status and challenges

Zn deficiency is one of the leading health problems in children and women of developing countries. Different interventions could be used to overcome malnutrition, but biofortification is most impactful, convenient, sustainable and acceptable intervention. Maize is one of the major crops grown and consumed in the regions with prevalent Zn malnutrition; therefore, this is suitable target for Zn biofortification. Zn biofortification of maize could be achieved through agronomic and genetic approaches. Discussion of agronomic approaches with genetic approaches is prerequisite because soils in developing countries are deficit of Zn and availability of Zn in soils is mandatory for estimating the genetic responses of maize genotypes through genetic approaches. Seed priming, foliar and soil applications are agronomic tools for biofortification, but solo and combined applications of these treatments have different effects on Zn enrichment. Genetic approaches include the increase of Zn bioavailability or increase of kernel Zn concentration. Zn bioavailability could be increased by reducing the anti‐nutritional factors or by increasing the bioavailability enhancers. Kernel Zn concentration could be improved through hybridization and selections, whereas genetically engineered attempts for improving Zn uptake from soil, loading in xylem, remobilization in grains and sequestration in endosperm can further improve the kernel Zn concentration. Key challenges associated with dissemination of Zn biofortified maize are also under discussion in this draft. Current review emphasized all of above‐mentioned contents to provide roadmap for the development of Zn biofortified maize genotypes to curb the global Zn malnutrition.     

土壤中红霉素结合残留在菜心中生物有效性研究

为探究土壤环境中红霉素污染的生物风险,本试验采用¹⁴C示踪技术,选取广东菜心为代表,研究红霉素结合残留的释放、转化及生物有效性,并探讨添加外源有机肥(如鸡粪、活性淤泥)对该过程的影响。结果表明,土壤中红霉素结合残留随着时间推移逐渐释放,在培养45 d时下降至引入量的59.83%,其中15.00%转化为可提态残留;植物根系的吸收和扰动能促进红霉素结合残留的释放和转化(P <0.05);土壤中的红霉素结合残留能够被广东菜心根部吸收并转运至可食部分,转运系数为0.34,表明红霉素结合残留在菜心体内不易向上运输;放射性自显影图片显示,被植物吸收的¹⁴C-红霉素及其放射性衍生物主要集中在叶片和根部;外源添加有机肥(鸡粪和活性淤泥)处理,一方面可抑制结合残留的释放,增加富啡酸中红霉素结合残留的含量(P<0.05),导致土壤中红霉素污染更持久,另一方面可促进植物对土壤中红霉素残留的吸收;腐殖质分级结果显示,红霉素结合残留主要集中在富啡酸中(87.92%~97.21%),并随着时间推移不断释放。本研究结果为科学评价红霉素的生态安全提供了理论支持。     

基于斜率比法评定断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率

本试验旨在研究不同铜源（硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜）和铜添加水平（20和30 mg/kg）对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清铜含量与含铜酶活性以及组织铜含量的影响,探讨断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率。试验采用3×2双因子随机区组设计,选取平均体重为（8.98±0.48） kg的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪112头,随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮（铜含量为7.80 mg/kg）,各试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加20或30 mg/kg硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜或柠檬酸铜（均以铜含量计）。试验预试期3 d,正试期28 d。结果表明：1）试验组与对照组断奶仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。2）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对血清铜蓝蛋白和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性均无显著影响（P>0.05）。3）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪肝脏铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对心脏、肾脏、胰脏和跖骨铜含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。4）根据多元线性回归斜率比法计算,以血清铜...     

Studies on Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil—Plant System：A Review

Heavy metal pollution in soil-plant system is of major environmental concern on a world scale and in China in particular with the rapid development of industry.The heavy metal pollution status in soil-plant system in China,the research progress on the bioavailability of heavy metals (effecting factors,extraction methods,free-ion activity model,adsorption model,multivariate regression model,Q-I relationship,and compound pollution),and soil remediation are reviewed in paper.Future research and monitoring is also discussed.     

茶树对铝的吸收、积累特性及饮茶安全性评价

茶树是典型的富铝植物,茶又是深受人们喜爱的饮品,而铝是一种对人体健康有害的金属元素,饮茶是否会导致人体铝中毒引起人们高度关注。本文详细阐述了茶树对铝的吸收和积累特性,分析了茶汤中铝的溶出量、溶出形态及生物可给性,阐明了科学饮茶是健康安全的,并提出了合理有效的茶叶降铝措施。     

Growth performance,nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed graded levels of the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Wickerhamomyces anomalus

In a 10‐week study, we evaluated the effects of replacing 20%, 40% or 60% of fishmeal (present in control diet at 300 g/kg) on a digestible protein basis with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or a yeast mixture of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and S. cerevisiae on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient retention and intestinal health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Triplicate tanks with 35 rainbow trout (144.7 ± 25.1 g mean ± SEM) were fed rations of 1.5% of total biomass per tank. Replacement of 60% of fishmeal with yeast mixture resulted in lower specific growth rate of 1.0% versus 1.2%/day for other diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients for crude protein and most amino acids were highest in fish fed fishmeal‐based diet, with similar values for fish fed the diet with 20% replacement with yeast mixture. Diet with 20% replacement with yeast mixture resulted in highest phosphorus digestibility. Replacement of 60% of fishmeal with S. cerevisiae resulted in oedematous mucosal fold tips in the proximal intestine. The results of this study suggest that these yeasts can replace up to 40% of fishmeal under current inclusion levels in diets for rainbow trout without compromising growth performance, nutrient digestibility or intestinal health.     

Effect of fish meal replacement with Carinata Brassica carinata in low animal protein diets of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) on trypsin activity,protein and amino acid digestibility and bioavailability

Replacement of >25% of fish meal (FM) with aerobically converted carinata meal (ACCM) in low (200g/kg) animal protein (reference = 200g/kg FM) diets of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss resulted in reduced growth, partly due to reduced feed consumption and protein utilization. In this study, we determined the effect of FM replacement with ACCM on trypsin activity, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein, and essential amino acid (EAA) or conditionally essential amino acid (CEAA) ADCs and bioavailability. Replacement of FM did not alter protein ADCs or trypsin activity. Replacement of >25% FM reduced all EAA and CEAA ADCs except for arginine and leucine which were only reduced by 75% FM replacement. Only serum free lysine and muscle free histidine were reduced by >25% FM replacement. Muscle free lysine was only reduced by 75% FM replacement. Replacement of FM reduced EAA peak concentrations and resulted in slower release of EAAs in serum. Cumulative total EAAs in serum and muscle decreased with FM replacement. Ratios of EAAs to lysine showed that tryptophan was the most limiting EAA. However, isoleucine, leucine, methionine and phenylalanine were also inadequate for muscle synthesis for the first 9–12 hr following force‐feeding. Optimal time for protein synthesis was ≥36 hr. Although any level of FM replacement did not reduce protein ADCs and trypsin activity, replacement of ≥25% FM reduced EAA ADCs and bioavailability of lysine and histidine, which partly contributed to the observed differences in growth.     

盐酸诺氟沙星在奥尼罗非鱼体内的生物利用度研究

采用高效液相色谱法分别测定静脉注射和混饲口灌奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×O.niloticus)盐酸诺氟沙星后鱼体血液中该药含量变化,用3P97药动学软件分析药动学参数,计算生物利用度.结果表明,在(25±1)℃水温下,以10 mg/kg剂量对奥尼罗非鱼静脉注射和混饲口灌盐酸诺氟沙星,静脉注射药时...     

植物提取物超微粉体制备技术研究进展

植物提取物大都是脂溶性成分,因其水溶性差、生物利用度低,故其在临床上的推广应用受到了一定程度的限制。文章综述了有关能增强植物提取物水溶性的超临界流体技术、高压均质技术、液相可控沉淀技术、喷雾干燥技术、乳化溶剂扩散技术、机械研磨技术等超微粉体制备技术的研究进展。     

钙盐诱导下土壤锰和铁的释放及其对胡椒的生物有效性

Releases of manganese and iron ions from an albic soil (Albic-Udic Luvisol), a yellow-red soil (Hap-Udic Ferrisol) and a yellow-brown soil (Arp-Udic Luvisol) induced by calcium salt addition and their bioavailability to pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were studied in a pot experiment. Addition of Ca(NO₃)₂ decreased soil pH and increased both exchangeable and DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid)-extractable Mn and Fe in soils. Meanwhile, total Mn accumulation in the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. on the salt-treated soils increased significantly (P< 0.01) compared with the control, suggesting that salt addition to soil induced Mn toxicity in Capsicum frutescens L. Although exchangeable and DTPA-extractable Fe increased also in the salt-treated soils, Fe uptake by the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased. The effect of added salts in soils on dry matter weight of pepper varied with the soil characteristics, showing different buffer capacities of the soils for salt toxicity in an order of yellow-brown soil > albic soil > yellow-red soil. Fe/Mn ratio in shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased with increasing salt addition for all the soils, which was ascribed to the antagonistic effect of Mn on Fe accumulation. The ratio of Fe/Mn in the tissue was a better indicator of the appearance of Mn toxicity symptoms than Mn concentration alone.