对草地贪夜蛾高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株筛选与杀虫活性研究

草地贪夜蛾是一种世界性重大农业害虫，给玉米等多种主要粮食和经济作物造成严重危害。为实现对草地贪夜蛾的高效、绿色、持续防控，亟需筛选高毒力苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株资源。本研究以前期实验室储备的对斜纹夜蛾、小地老虎具有杀虫活性的363株野生菌株库为候选菌株，基于菌株杀虫基因差异及进化关系，去除冗余菌株后获得172株候选菌株。通过培养获取这些菌株胞晶混合物，进行杀虫蛋白定量后，测定杀虫活性，获得27株对草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫具有较高杀虫活性的菌株，其中菌株B14-D2的杀虫活性最高，LC₅₀为0.155 μg/g。克隆了该菌株中的cry1Ea3基因并在HD73^-无晶体突变株中表达，Cry1Ea3蛋白对草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫LC₅₀为1.789 μg/g。本研究为新的Bt产品和杀虫基因的开发利用提供了丰富资源。     

武功山山地草甸生态恢复技术研究

武功山草甸是我国南方亚热带地区极具代表性的山地草甸,近年来由于自然和人为因素干扰,尤其是旅游业的发展,使得局部区域岩石裸露,生物多样性降低.因此,本文以武功山退化草甸为研究对象,通过对不同退化草甸类型进行划分,采用恢复生态学的理论和方法进行生态恢复,旨在为武功山山地草甸生态旅游和可持续发展提供科学依据.结果发现:重度退化草甸恢复技术采用客土后种植芒和毛秆野古草,并用无纺布覆盖的效果较好;中度退化的草甸采用植草技术种植芒和毛秆野古草恢复效果较好;轻度退化草甸用芒与毛秆野古草块状混交种植后,再种植两歧飘拂草、艾、紫萼、前胡等伴生草种恢复效果较好.     

“四念四化”构建校企合作育人模式的探索与实践——以内蒙古商贸职业学院食品加工技术专业为例

食品加工技术专业是典型的应用型专业,人才培养目标是应用型高技能人才,其培养目标的关键是强化实践教学,搭建好校企合作平台,从而达到实践育人、协同育人的目的。内蒙古商贸职业学院食品加工技术专业以选择具有管理水平一流、生产工艺先进、研发能力领先的食品制造类高端企业,通过引企入校、工学交替、理实一体教学提高了学生的培养质量,同时创新形成了“四念四化”的教育教学模式。     

Influence of temperature,humidity duration and growth stage on the infection and mycotoxin production by Fusarium langsethiae and Fusarium poae in oats

High occurrence of Fusarium poae (FP) and Fusarium langsethiae (FL) and their mycotoxins nivalenol (NIV) and T-2/HT-2 have been observed in Swiss oats. Early prediction of mycotoxin levels is important for farmers and the cereal industry to minimize the risk of contaminated food and feed. Therefore, climate chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of different temperatures (10, 15, 20 °C) and durations (4, 8, 12 h) at 99% relative humidity (RH) on the infection of oats with FP and FL. In addition, to discover the most susceptible period of oats, artificial FL inoculations were conducted at different growth stages. Field experiments were performed to observe the dispersal of these fungal species within the field and to investigate the weather conditions that influence the dispersal. The climate chamber experiments revealed higher contamination with NIV and T-2/HT-2 in the 10 °C treatments and with a prolonged humidity duration of 12 h 99% RH. Inoculations of oat plants at early (DC 61) and mid (DC 65) anthesis, led to higher FL infection and T-2/HT-2 accumulation in the grains compared with treatments at earlier growth stages, which might be due to an increased susceptibility during anthesis. No indication for spore dispersal was observed in the field experiments. The results obtained, together with the cropping factors that influence infection and mycotoxin production, could be used as a first step in developing forecasting models to predict the contamination of oats with the mycotoxins NIV and T-2/HT-2.     

Projecting the suitability of global and local habitats for myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) using model consensus

Myrtle rust (caused by Austropuccinia psidii) affects more than 500 known host species in the Myrtaceae family. Three different modelling approaches (CLIMEX, MaxEnt and Multi-Model Framework) were used to project the habitat suitability for myrtle rust at both global and local scales. Current data on the global occurrence of myrtle rust were collected from online literature and expert solicitation. Long-term averages of climate data (1960–1990) were sourced from WorldClim and CliMond websites. Recent reports of myrtle rust in New Zealand were used for validation of model outputs but not in model training and testing. The model outputs were combined into a consensus model to identify localities projected to be suitable for myrtle rust according to two or three models (hotspots). In addition to the locations where the pathogen is currently present, all models successfully projected independent occurrence data in New Zealand suitable for establishment of the pathogen. Climate suitability for the pathogen was primarily related to temperature followed by rainfall in MaxEnt and the CLIMEX model. The results confirmed the optimum temperature range of this pathogen in the literature (15–25 °C). Additional analysis of the precipitation variables indicated that excessive rain (more than 2000 mm in warmest quarter of the year) combined with high temperatures (>30 °C) constrain pathogen establishment. The results of the current study can be useful for countries such as New Zealand, China, South Africa and Singapore where the pathogen has not fully spread or established.     

A comparison of the use of different swab materials for optimal diagnosis of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Routine gill swabbing is a non-destructive sampling method used for the downstream qPCR detection and quantitation of the pathogen Neoparamoeba perurans, a causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD). Three commercially available swabs were compared aiming their application for timelier AGD diagnosis (Calgiswab^® (calcium alginate fibre-tipped), Isohelix^® DNA buccal and cotton wool-tipped). Calcium alginate is soluble in most sodium salts, which potentially allows the total recovery of biological material, hence a better extraction of target organisms’ DNA. Thus, this study consisted of (a) an in vitro assessment involving spiking of the swabs with known amounts of amoebae and additional assessment of retrieval efficiency of amoebae from agar plates; (b) in vivo testing by swabbing of gill arches (second, third and fourth) of AGD-infected fish. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments identified an enhanced amoeba retrieval with Calgiswab® and Isohelix® swabs in comparison with cotton swabs. Additionally, the third and fourth gill arches presented significantly higher amoebic loads compared to the second gill arch. Results suggest that limiting routine gill swabbing to one or two arches, instead of all, could likely lead to reduced stress-related effects incurred by handling and sampling and a timelier diagnosis of AGD.     

Effect of apple cultivars and storage periods on the virulence of Neofabraea spp.

Bull’s eye rot is a typical quiescent postharvest apple disease in major fruit-growing areas. The susceptibility of different apple cultivars to Neofabraea spp. (N. vagabunda and N. malicorticis) was assessed, with Granny Smith showing the most resistance and Cripps Pink the most susceptibility. To assess the factors involved in conidial germination, Neofabraea spp. were grown on crude protein extracts (CPEs) collected from apple fruits at different storage periods. Fungal germ tube growth rate and pathogenic enzyme (cellulase and xylanase) activity were assessed. Results showed that CPEs collected after 2 and 4 months of storage progressively stimulated conidial germination and germ tube elongation, while a lesser effect was observed from CPEs after 1 month of storage. Xylanase proved to be the main degrading enzyme secreted by all the isolates, while cellulase was produced only by N. vagabunda isolates. Overall, the isolate ID02 was the most virulent, based on more rapid germ tube elongation and greater activity of the lytic enzymes.     

绿肥翻压后减肥和基施控释肥对烟叶产质量和土壤肥力的影响

为研究绿肥（豌豆）翻压后合理施用肥料问题,采用田间小区试验,在翻压绿肥的基础上通过减少基肥用量和控释肥代替部分基肥,研究其对烟叶产量、产值和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,绿肥翻压可以提高低有机质土壤（有机质含量<10 g/kg）的有机质含量,对其他土壤化学性质无显著影响;绿肥翻压后将基肥减少15%和30%对烟叶产量、产值无显著影响,对烟叶化学成分无明显影响。在减少15%基肥后,将剩余基肥的50%以控释肥代替,可以显著提高烟叶产量和产值,提高烟叶钾含量和钾/氯比,改善烟叶品质。     

山东发现草地贪夜蛾为害马铃薯

重大迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)侵入我国后,截至2019年9月17日,已经在全国25个省份查见。2019年9月,山东省滕州市姜屯镇秋马铃薯地块发现疑似该虫为害,经鉴定,确认为草地贪夜蛾,对被害地块情况、马铃薯被害状、被害率进行了调查及描述,为该虫在马铃薯上的防治提供参考。     

A comparison of popular approaches to optimize landscape resistance surfaces

Landscape Ecology - Landscape resistance surfaces are often used to address questions related to movement, dispersal, or population connectivity. However, modeling landscape resistance is...