粪肠球菌生长曲线的测定及其对小鼠脑组织的影响

为测定致羔羊脑炎粪肠球菌（Enterococcus faecalis）的生长曲线，寻求一种快速而准确的方法测定不同生长时期粪肠球菌数量，并客观评价其毒性强弱及其对小鼠脑组织的影响，试验采用平板菌落计数法和OD-Monitor振荡比浊法（D_λ值法）测定粪肠球菌的生长曲线，探究该菌在合适时间段内的吸光值（D_{600 nm}）与平板菌落计数法测定的活菌数（CFU）的关系。用粪肠球菌感染小鼠，观察记录小鼠的死亡情况，最后采用Karber法计算粪肠球菌感染小鼠的半数致死量（LD₅₀）。用LD₅₀的剂量感染小鼠，及时采集死亡小鼠脑组织，未死亡的小鼠72 h后全部剖杀取脑组织，一部分做涂片染色，制作病理切片，观察病理变化；一部分进行培养，用于PCR方法进行细菌的回收鉴定。结果显示，用两种方法测定此株粪肠球菌的生长曲线基本一致，在2~8 h生长迅速，为对数生长期，8~14 h生长缓慢，为稳定期，14 h之后死亡数增加，进入衰亡期；对12 h粪肠球菌D_{600 nm}与CFU的关系进行探讨，成功建立回归方程：y=20.769x-1.3422，R²=0.997；其感染小鼠的LD₅₀为7.77×10¹¹个活菌。以此剂量感染小鼠，脑组织涂片染色和培养染色，均能看到革兰氏阳性球菌；PCR结果显示，均出现了大小为112 bp的条带。对脑组织进行病理学观察发现该菌可导致脑组织充血、出血、形成微血栓，脑膜充血。通过生长曲线和其D_{600 nm}与CFU关系的建立，可实时监测粪肠球菌数量，为后期更深入研究粪肠球菌穿越血脑屏障的机制奠定重要的理论基础。     

人类活动对象山湾滩涂沉积物理化特征的累积效应

[目的]研究人类活动对象山湾滩涂沉积物理化特征的累积效应。[方法]选取象山湾沿岸滩涂沉积物作为供试材料,测定沉积物样品粒度特征、磁化率、总有机碳及硝态氮含量。[结果]象山湾滩涂沉积物粒径组成以粉粒为主,质地较为黏重,可塑性和保水性较好,透气性差,且沉积物粒径组成随深度变化明显;磁性物质的含量随着取样深度的增加而不断减少;有机物质含量较高,且随着取样深度的增加,有机质含量明显下降,但总体维持在较高水平;硝态氮含量随取样深度的增加总体呈上升趋势,波动明显。[结论]人类活动对象山湾滩涂影响较为明显,理化特征的累积效应在剖面上表现显著。     

Spatial patterns of the Citrus leprosis virus and its associated mite vector in systems without intervention

Leprosis is caused by the Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type and is vectored by the mite Brevipalpus yothersi. Miticide applications, which cost $54 million annually, are based on inspection for the presence of mites. The aim of the present study was to characterize the spatial patterns of B. yothersi-infested trees and trees with leprosis symptoms for further improvement in sampling and disease control. The presence of mites and the occurrence of leprosis were assessed over two years in 1160 Valencia trees and 720 Natal trees in a commercial sweet orange grove in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. To assess the natural growth and dispersal of mites and leprosis, mite populations were not controlled during the experimental period. Maps of mite-infested trees and trees with leprosis symptoms were analysed at three different levels of spatial hierarchy using complementary methods, i.e. among adjacent trees within and across rows, within quadrats, and the strength and orientation of aggregation among quadrats. The study showed that the spatial patterns of virus-infected and mite-infested trees were different, with a strong aggregation pattern of trees with leprosis symptoms that increased over time. Conversely, the spatial pattern of B. yothersi showed randomness or weak aggregation at all three spatial hierarchical levels. Disease incidence increased steadily in plots of both cultivars, unlike in mite-infested trees where incidence fluctuated over time. These results have important implications for the development of better management strategies for leprosis. Sampling methods and action thresholds for mite control should consider primary disease inoculum in addition to the incidence of mites.     

不同栽培模式与密度对小豆花后干物质积累及产量的影响

为探明栽培模式与群体密度对小豆植株干物质积累及产量的影响,采用平作和65 cm宽垄作2种栽培模式,分别采取9万、13万、17万、21万、25万株/hm~2群体密度,测定小豆花后不同部位器官的干重,并于成熟收获后取样测定产量构成。结果表明:随着群体密度的增加,小豆的单株结荚数量和粒数显著降低,单株产量的降低,导致平作条件下随着群体密度的增加产量无显著变化;而垄作条件下,小豆植株的营养器官干重高峰期出现较晚,在鼓粒阶段营养器官仍保持较大干物质积累,单株的结荚数和粒数增加了3.8%~53.8%和13.6%~101.5%,因此,在相同密度条件下垄作的单株产量和单位面积产量显著高于平作17.3%~127.2%和36.8%~80.0%。综合分析小豆的植株形态和产量构成,采用垄作条件保苗株数17万株/hm~2更利于小豆产量的形成,而平作条件下种植密度不易超过21万株/hm~2。     

滩涂物权制度的困境及出路

滩涂所有权客体的边界不清晰；可设立滩涂用益物权的范围也不明晰；设立滩涂用益物权时存在与水资源、水生野生动植物利用关系如何理顺的问题。湿地不仅是环境与资源法上的概念，也应进入民法领域。将滩涂作为湿地，能划清滩涂所有权客体的边界，解决滩涂用益物权设立时的困境。生态系统角度下的湿地概念，包含一定的水资源，对水体深度有明确要求，水生野生动植物是其内在的组成部分。将湿地概念纳入民法，能解决这些困境。对湿地奉行保护优先的原则，使得只有在未纳入保护地的滩涂上才能设立用益物权，划清了可设立滩涂用益物权的边界。     

Measurement and Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Flat Beam- Waffle Slab System During Prestressing

During the pre - stressing of the unbonded prestressed concrete wide flat beam - waffle slab system, the displacements and strains of slab and the prestressed concrete beams were site - measured and the results were analyzed. The prestressing construction was simulated by finite element program. The prestressing efficiency of the unbonded prestressed concrete wide flat beam - waffle slab system was discussed. It indicates that the prestressing efficiency was affected by the in -plane stiffness of slab.     

液压挖掘机铲斗机构的动力分析

液压挖掘机铲斗机构可视为驱动力矩随时间变化的铰链四杆机构。分别用拉格朗日方程和质量凝聚法对其进行了动力分析，为设计者分析、决策和控制提供了计算依据，对于计算机求解具有普遍意义。     

胡萝卜联合收获机高效减阻松土铲设计与试验

针对胡萝卜联合收获机作业时松土铲普遍存在作业阻力大、漏拔率高等问题,设计了一种高效减阻松土铲。以狗獾爪趾为仿生原型设计了仿生减阻铲尖,并分析了其减阻机理,建立了铲翼与土壤间的力学接触模型,确定了影响松土铲作业质量的铲翼结构参数。基于EDEM离散元仿真技术,建立了部件-土壤-作物多元仿真模型,通过单因素试验与正交旋转组合试验,确定了铲翼结构参数取值范围及其对指标的影响规律。建立了试验因素与指标间的多目标优化数学模型,运用Design-Expert 8. 0. 6软件确定了松土铲的最优参数组合,通过田间性能试验验证了高效减阻松土铲的作业性能。结果表明:影响胡萝卜联合收获机松土铲作业质量的主要结构参数为铲翼开角α和铲翼倾角β,当铲翼开角α和铲翼倾角β分别为120. 27°和47. 37°时,松土铲作业性能最优,最优组合下前进阻力与胡萝卜拔取力分别为1 908. 76 N和55. 37 N。经田间性能试验验证,田间试验结果与仿真优化结果基本一致,与凿式松土铲相比,高效减阻松土铲前进阻力降低了5. 79%,胡萝卜拔取力降低了20. 68%,漏拔率降低了3. 8个百分点,满足胡萝卜收获农艺要求。     

刮板式水稻育苗平盘播土装置的设计与试验

分析了常用的一些水稻毯状秧苗工厂化育秧播土装置的特点，根据Mohr-Coulomb的土壤抗剪强度定律，设计出刮板式播土装置。并对生产上常用的砖红壤、水田土等床土进行了播土试验。试验表明，该播土装置能够适用于不同特性床土在不同播土量要求下的播土作业，播土均匀性较高，变异系数均小于10％，盘土厚度相差不大，符合农艺生产要求。