城镇化发展中的小城镇特色建设问题研究

集中发展小城镇是我国城镇化发展的一个重要选择。当前我国小城镇特色建设面临着特色挖掘不突出、特色彰显能力弱、基础设施公共服务功能弱、创新精神不足以及缺乏活力等问题。小城镇特色建设必须坚持以适合人民生活为宗旨，以大中城市周边合理布局为基础并注重乡土重建，充分发挥原住民在小城镇特色挖掘上的主体作用，注重通过创新精神去激活发展动力，在保护和开发并重的前提下发挥政府搭建平台、城镇居民共同参与、开发资本“走进来”的三方协同作用来加强小城镇特色建设。     

Performance and uncertainty analysis of a short-term climate reconstruction based on multi-source data in the Tianshan Mountains region,China

Short-term climate reconstruction, i.e., the reproduction of short-term(several decades) historical climatic time series based on the relationship between observed data and available longer-term reference data in a certain area, can extend the length of climatic time series and offset the shortage of observations. This can be used to assess regional climate change over a much longer time scale. Based on monthly grid climate data from a Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 5(CMIP5) dataset for the period of 1850–2000, the Climatic Research Unit(CRU) dataset for the period of 1901–2000 and the observed data from 53 meteorological stations located in the Tianshan Mountains region(TMR) of China during the period of 1961–2011, we calibrated and validated monthly average temperature(MAT) and monthly accumulated precipitation(MAP) in the TMR using the delta, physical scaling(SP) and artificial neural network(ANN) methods. Performance and uncertainty during the calibration(1971–1999) and verification(1961–1970) periods were assessed and compared using traditional performance indices and a revised set pair analysis(RSPA) method. The calibration and verification processes were subjected to various sources of uncertainty due to the influence of different reconstructed variables, different data sources, and/or different methods used. According to traditional performance indices, both the CRU and CMIP5 datasets resulted in satisfactory calibrated and verified MAT time series at 53 meteorological stations and MAP time series at 20 meteorological stations using the delta and SP methods for the period of 1961–1999. However, the results differed from those obtained by the RSPA method. This showed that the CRU dataset produced a low degree of uncertainty(positive connection degree) during the calibration and verification of MAT using the delta and SP methods compared to the CMIP5 dataset. Overall, the calibrated and verified MAP had a high degree of uncertainty(negative connection degree) regardless of the dataset or reconstruction method used. Therefore, the reconstructed time series of MAT for the period of 1850(or 1901)–1960 based on the CRU and CMIP5 datasets using the delta and SP methods could be used for further study. The results of this study will be useful for short-term(several decades) regional climate reconstruction and longer-term(100 a or more) assessments of regional climate change.     

刍议乡村振兴与乡村生活重建间的关系

党的第十九大报告曾提出，实施乡村振兴战略，为新时期乡村建设提供了方向。乡村振兴不 仅包含农村产业振兴，也包括乡村生活的重建。本文对乡村振兴与乡村生活重建进行分析。我国自 古以来就是一个农业大国，所以建设美丽乡村离不开对乡村生活的建设。     

Most fish destined for fishmeal production are food‐grade fish

Marine fisheries target and catch fish both for direct human consumption (DHC) as well as for fishmeal and fish oil, and other products. We derived the fractions used for each for 1950–2010 by fishing country, and thus provide a factual foundation for discussions of the optimal use of fisheries resources. From 1950 to 2010, 27% (~20 million tonnes annually) of globally reconstructed marine fisheries landings were destined for uses other than DHC. Importantly, 90% of fish destined for uses other than DHC are food‐grade or prime food‐grade fish, while fish without a ready market for DHC make up a much smaller proportion. These findings have implications for how we are using fish to feed ourselves or, more appropriately, how we are not using fish to feed ourselves.     

黑土长缓坡地形与横垄对土壤有机碳空间分异的交互作用

横坡垄作对坡耕地土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）流失有一定的阻控作用,但黑土区特有长而缓的地形与横垄对坡耕地SOC空间分异会产生交互作用,而这种交互作用引发的SOC流失风险没引起足够的重视。该研究以典型黑土区黑龙江省黑河市北安分局红星农场为研究区域,2022年在横坡垄作与顺坡水线方向上共布设25个采样点,采用地理探测器模型、单因素方差分析（one-way ANOVA）和Pearson相关性分析,探讨土壤有机碳的空间分异及其交互作用。结果表明,横坡垄作方向上垄沟土壤有机碳含量从坡顶到水线呈现逐渐增大的变化趋势;在垄台从坡顶到水线呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。顺坡水线方向,土壤有机碳含量在垄沟呈现从上坡到下坡增大的变化趋势;在垄台呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。由于断垄产生水线,顺坡土壤有机碳含量上坡与下坡仍有显著差异（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析表明, 有机碳与可蚀性K因子呈显著负相关（垄沟和垄台相关系数分别为–0.228和–0.238,P＜0.05）,与碳循环相关的β-葡萄糖苷酶和微生物生物量碳在垄沟呈极显著正相关（相关系数为0.398和0.676,P<0.01）。地理探测器分析表明,顺坡水线对土壤有机碳空间分异的影响最大,其对垄沟和垄台SOC的解释力分别达到61%和52%以上;顺坡水线与其他因子的交互作用共同增强了对土壤有机碳的解释力,尤其是顺坡水线与高程的交互作用最为明显。黑土区坡耕地土壤有机碳空间分异主要受顺坡水线与高程的交互作用,横坡垄作虽然能够拦截径流,但由于长缓坡地形影响产生的断垄会加剧土壤侵蚀诱发的有机碳流失。因此,黑土坡耕地治理需要同时考虑横垄与地形的共同影响,从而实现防蚀的优化效果。     

中国南方亚热带丘陵地区草地植被重建

以实验生态学和生态工程相结合的措施,按照人为设计理论和生态恢复的一般程序,在中国南方亚热带丘陵地区研究截叶胡枝子(Lespedeza cuneata)草地和宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)草地植被的重建,并探讨了这一生态恢复模式在恢复初期的生态学过程和规律.主要结果如下:     

采煤沉陷区苦草的生物学特性及其竞争机制

采煤活动所致的动态沉陷湿地具有动态性、高潜水位和生态脆弱性等特点,探明此类人工重构湿地的水生植物群落的生物学特性及其竞争机制,有助于为采煤沉陷区湿地水生植物群落修复提供科学依据.本研究以淮南潘集区人工构建的苦草群落(Ass.Vallisneria natans)为倒,采用样方调查法,研究苦草的生物学特性及其与其他水生植物的竞争机制.结果表明,1)沉陷区苦草的生物学特性与浅水湖泊较一致.主要表现在苦草的繁殖方式、传粉方式、生活史方面,但研究区苦草以有性繁殖为主.2)沉陷区苦草能与以种子萌发形成的水烛群丛(Ass.Typha angustifolia)共生,但生物量低;在与形成两年以上的水烛群丛竞争中处于劣势,在水烛群丛盖度达到90％时苦草逐渐消失.3)沉陷区苦草在与浮叶植物莕菜群丛(Ass.Nymphoides peltatum)、苹群丛(Ass.Marsilea quadrifolia)竞争中处于弱势,其盖度、株高、生物量等指标都明显下降.4)沉陷区苦草在与沉水植物竹叶眼子菜群丛(Ass.Potamogeton malaianus)竞争中处于劣势,苦草与沉水植物黑藻群丛(Ass.Hydrilla verticillata)、狐尾藻群丛(Ass.Myrioph yllum verticillatum)、大茨藻群丛(Ass.Najas marina)、金鱼藻群丛(Ass.Ceratophyllum demersum)占据不同水层空间,种间竞争不强烈,能较好地共存.总之,苦草较之于相似生长型的植物具有较明显的竞争优势,对于具有不同生活型,尤其是挺水植物和浮叶植物,处于竞争劣势.     

高密度劣质板栗低产果园改造模式的初步研究

采用随机区组试验设计法,对高密度劣质板栗低产果园的不同改造模式进行了试验研究,结果表明：高密度劣质板栗低产果园的不同改造模式之间的产量差异极显著,以嫁接换冠＋间伐为最佳,板栗园产量高、品质好、经济效益好。     

村庄空心化背景下的农村居民点空间布局重构研究

农村居民点空间布局重构对于指导区域农村居民点整理规划、实现土地可持续发展具有重要意义。笔者以黑龙江省明水县明水镇为研究区,通过计算研究区空心化程度、农村居民点整理的重要性指数、迫切性指数、整理时序指数,对农村居民点的整理时序进行划分,提出农村居民点的整理迁移方案。研究结果表明:研究区各村屯农村居民点空心化现象明显,向阳村张奎英屯空心化率最高;在空心化趋势预测结果中,规划近期城北村空心化增强趋势变化最明显,规划中期互助村空心化增强趋势变化最明显,规划远期向阳村空心化增强趋势变化最明显;在农村居民点整理时序上,保留农居点占总数的35.29%,近期整理农居点占总数的9.8%,中期整理农居点占总数的23.53%,远期整理农居点占总数的31.37%。最后提出合理的整理迁移方案,研究成果为指导县域农村居民点整理规划提供参考和科学依据。