山西关帝山撂荒地植物群落物种多样性研究(简报)

以52个样方调查数据为基础,采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西关帝山撂荒地(撂荒5年)植物群落的物种多样性进行研究,并用方差分析和多重比较的方法研究各群丛之间多样性指数的差异程度。结果表明,1)该撂荒地撂荒5年,属于植被演替初期,多是草本群落,各植被类型的物种多样性指数依次为:黄花苜蓿群丛>芦苇 老鹳草 黄花苜蓿群丛>老鹳草 鹅观草 苦荬菜群丛>紫菀 猪毛蒿群丛>画眉草 芦苇 老鹳草群丛>苦荬菜 猪毛蒿 芦苇群丛>峨参 芦苇群丛>赖草 猪毛蒿 芦苇群丛>水杨梅群丛>直立黄芪 芦苇 猪毛蒿群丛。2)由于群落结构差异大,各群落建群种及伴生种多有不同,对5个物种综合多样性指数进行比较后发现λ、H′优于其他指数。     

放牧强度对高寒混播草地群落结构的影响

垂穗披碱草/星星草混播草地三个放牧季的放牧试验结果表明:(1)植物群落盖度与放牧强度呈显著的负相关;(2)垂穗披碱草地上现存量的比例随放牧强度的增加而呈下降趋势,星星草和杂类草的比例呈上升趋势;(3)随放牧强度的增加,建群植物垂穗披碱草和星星草的株高呈下降趋势;(4)对照区与其它各放牧区植物群落的相似性系数随放牧强度的增加而减小,说明各放牧处理组植物群落朝着远离对照群落的方向演替。     

放牧模式对祁连山东缘高寒草甸植被特征的影响

为明晰不同放牧模式对高寒草句植被特征的影响,以祁连山东缘全年连续放牧(CG)、冷季重度放牧(HG)、冷季轻度放牧(LG)、全年划区轮牧(RG)和全年禁牧(NG)5种不同模式放牧草地为研究对象,系统研究植物群落组成和结构的变化.结果 表明:植物群落的盖度、密度、地上生物量、地下生物量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、丰富度指数和辛普森指数均在RG样地最高,而在CG样地最低.此外,NG样地禾本科植物密度显著提高,莎草科、豆科、杂类草植物密度、群落总密度、植物群落物种数和多样性降低,和RG样地相比,NG样地总物种数减少了20种.因此,为期5年禁牧致使高寒草句植物群落结构单一化,不利于植物多样性的维持.从提高生产力和植物多样性的角度来看,全年划区轮牧是祁连山东缘高寒草甸生态系统的最佳放牧模式.     

英汉植物群落名称及其简释

<正> hydatophytia——淹没植物群落:指根着生于水底,株体绝大部分淹没在水中的植物群落,即沉水植物群落。=submergedcommunity。hydric community——水生群落:生长于海洋、河流、湖泊、池沼等水环境中的植物群落。它们还可分为漂浮于水面的漂浮植物群落,沉没于水中的水底(沉水)植物群落和浮游于水中的浮游植物群落。=aquatic community,hydrophyticcommunity.     

水生植物的氮磷吸收能力及收割管理研究

为了探讨水生植物收割对沟渠湿地氮、磷去除的影响。在生态沟渠中选用水生美人蕉、铜钱草、黑三棱、狐尾藻和灯心草为试验材料,对其氮、磷吸收能力以及收割和不收割进行研究。结果表明,5种植物氮、磷吸收量的季节变化均呈单峰曲线,水生美人蕉值最高,其氮、磷吸收量峰值分别为75.97 和13.52 g/m²;多次收割收获的生物量、总氮、总磷量均是单次收割的几倍,其变化范围为3.62~6.72倍;除黑三棱外,收割措施能够提高湿地底泥氮、磷的去除率。各植物收割区的底泥氮、磷削减率一般在1月份时达到最大值,5种植物的平均总氮、总磷削减率均依次为:水生美人蕉>狐尾藻>铜钱草>灯心草>黑三棱。因此,合适的收割措施既能转移出植物中的营养物质,又能利于植物的恢复和生长,提高底泥氮、磷的去除率。     

玉龙雪山南坡高山草甸植物群落类型及其分布格局

摘要：通过野外调查获取玉龙雪山南坡高山草甸分布区域的植被及环境数据,辅以研究区景观尺度的生境特征指标模拟,应用双向指示种分析法确定了研究区草甸植物群落类型,并结合典范对应分析法（CCA）解释草甸植被分布格局与直接环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,1）研究区草甸植物群落可分成4个群丛：大萼蓝钟花（Gyananthus macrocalyx）群丛、玉龙嵩草+狭叶委陵菜（Kobresia tunicata+Potentilla stenophylla）群丛、嵩草+川滇雀儿豆（Kobresia spp.+Chesneya polystichoides）群丛和云南羊茅（Festuca vierhapperi）群丛;2）CCA分析显示,与植被分布直接相关的光、温、水、肥4类因素中,决定研究区群落分布格局的主要因子是生境温度、土壤有机质和土壤全氮含量。     

荒漠区湿地植物群落分类排序及其与土壤环境因子的关系

湿地存亡可以作为荒漠地区植被恢复可持续性的指示器，明晰其生态系统内部植物群落空间分布特征及其与土壤环境因子关系，可为制定与生境高度相适应的多样化植被恢复模式提供科学依据。本研究以宁夏哈巴湖湿地汇水范围为研究对象，在12 km×12 km范围内，设置分辨率为1 km×1 km的152个调查样点的植被和土壤数据，采用多元回归树和冗余分析，探讨不同植物群落类型的空间分布特征及其对土壤理化因子的响应规律。结果表明：1)研究区植物群落可划分为短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)+牛枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)、冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)+赖草(Leymus secalinus)+草木樨状黄芪(Astragalus melilotoides)、苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroide)+猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、芨芨草(Splendid achnatherum)+盐爪爪(Slenderbranch Kalidium) 4种植物群落类型。2)土壤粘粉粒含量、生境海拔高度、土壤pH和盐分含量是4种植物群落空间分布的主要控制因素。...     

阿巴嘎旗典型草原植物物种多样性与地上生物量的关系

植物物种多样性与地上生物量的关系是近年来生态学的研究热点和前沿问题。通过在内蒙古阿巴嘎旗典型草原[针茅(Stipa capillata)+光穗冰草(Agropyron cristatum)群丛、针茅+赖草(Leymus secalinus)群丛、针茅+多根葱(Allium polyrhizum)群丛和赖草-木地肤(Prostrate summer-cypress)群丛]开展植被特征调查,旨在进一步探讨研究区域草原群落植物物种多样性与地上生物量的关系。结果表明:在该研究区域中,地上总生物量高低表现为针茅+多根葱群丛针茅+赖草群丛赖草-木地肤群丛针茅+光穗冰草群丛;凋落物量高低表现为针茅+赖草群丛针茅+多根葱群丛针茅+光穗冰草群丛赖草-木地肤群丛;草原群落生活型以多年生草本为主,其地上生物量在4个群丛间差异显著(P0.05),且在同一群丛中显著(P0.05)高于其他生活型;草原群落功能群以禾本科为主,其地上生物量在4个群丛间差异显著(P0.05),且在同一群丛中显著(P0.05)高于其他功能群;物种丰富度及群落多样性指数与草原群落地上生物量、凋落物量、生活型中绝对优势生物量和功能群中各生物量均呈显著(P0.05)的负二次函数关系。     

拉萨河中下游典型湿地植物物种多样性及种间联结性分析

为揭示拉萨河流域植物群落间的组成及种间关系。本研究利用100个草本层样方分析群落物种的组成、多样性、种间联结性及生态组。结果表明：(1)研究区植物共有25科58属90种。(2)不同类型的湿地优势种具有明显差异,具槽秆荸荠(Eleocharis valleculosa)、蕨麻(Argentina anserina)、高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)为主要优势种。(3)甲玛湿地多样性指数最大,江夏湿地次之。(4)X²检验、AC(联结系数)、PC(共同出现百分率)和Ф(点相关系数)表明,优势种间联结性不强,各物种相对独立。(5)雅让湿地总体联结性呈显著负关联,塘嘎郭湿地与甲玛湿地总体联结性呈不显著关联,其他2种类型均为显著正关联,说明雅让湿地植物群落多样性较少且物种之间分布不均,湿地总体均处于不稳定演替阶段。(6)根据群落的聚类分析和种间联结测定的结果,把16个主要种划分为3个生态组。为研究区湿地生态系统植被恢复提供重要基础数据。     

川西北大花红景天的生境、分布、植物群落特点与储量调查研究

研究川西北野生雪山大花红景天的生态环境及其分布,解决其种质资源的有效保护和可持续利用问题,采用野外样方调查的方法,对大花红景天资源的分布、生境及其植物群落特点进行了调查研究.通过调查发现,大花红景天适宜在海拔3 200～5 600 m的地区生长,土壤主要为亚高山草甸土、高山草甸土和高山寒漠土.在亚高山草甸区的植物群落特点主要为:禾本草 嵩草 杂类草型,高山草甸区主要以莎草和垫状杂类草构成,草群低矮,平均高度22 cm,植物盖度不及45%,储量不足万吨.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.