滴度及注射方式对2型腺相关病毒载体表达效果的影响

由于腺相关病毒载体(adeno-associated viral vector,AAV)本身的侵染不具有神经元特异性,其在神经系统相关研究中会存在侵染范围不符合试验要求的情况,因此本试验拟研究不同滴度和注射方式对病毒侵染范围的影响。结果显示,在注射较高滴度的AAV2-CMV-EGFP(1.3×10¹¹mg/L)3周后,其侵染范围可由延髓中缝苍白核(raphe pallidus nucleus,RPa)区域延伸至下丘脑室旁核(paraventricular nucleus,PVN)区域;较低滴度(1.3×10⁸mg/L)结合压力注射的方式可以在一定程度上限制AAV的侵染范围,并且载体携带的EGFP荧光基团在637 nm波段不具有明显的假阳性信号。     

TCD燃烧系统对柴油机燃烧和排放性能改善效果的试验研究

为探究道依茨TCD2015柴油机上配备的导流燃烧系统(简称TCD燃烧系统,T表示涡轮增压器,Turbocharger,C表示进气中冷,Charge air cooling,D为柴油颗粒捕集器,Diesel particle filter)对改善柴油机燃烧性能和降低污染物排放的效果,采用单缸机试验对TCD燃烧系统在不同转速、负荷和过量空气系数下的燃烧和排放性能进行研究。试验结果表明不同工况下TCD燃烧系统燃油消耗率和Soot排放量均低于传统ω燃烧系统,燃油消耗率最大降幅为7.01%,Soot排放量最大降幅为86.67%,且低过量空气系数(1.2～1.6)下TCD燃烧系统仍具有较好的性能。为揭示TCD燃烧系统改善油气混合促进燃烧的机理,采用AVL Fire软件建立了柴油机性能仿真模型。计算结果表明,TCD燃烧系统的环状凸起结构将燃油导向内外两室,从而促进了缸内燃油发展过程,燃油当量比大于4的浓混合气区域燃油质量比例相比ω燃烧系统降幅最大为9.75%,活塞下移时TCD燃烧系统内油束撞击浅盘侧壁形成撞壁射流扩大了燃油扩散面积,从而改善了缸内油气混合质量,燃油当量比小于1的均匀混合气区域燃油质量比例相比ω燃烧系统降幅最大为7.45%,因此TCD燃烧系统能够有效改善柴油机的燃烧和排放性能,可应用于柴油机高负荷和低过量空气系数工况综合性能提升。研究结果可为柴油机燃烧系统开发和改进提供参考。     

安徽沿江地区油麦后直播棉的品种选用策略

在目前安徽沿江地区不能实现棉花机采的情况下,提出了“植株高度既适于机采也适于人工采收,含絮力适中(不易落花便于集中采收),生育期适中(播种到采收为180天左右),纤维品质及产量性状较优(纤维长度30.0 mm以上,断裂比强度30.0 cN/tex以上,马克隆值5.0以下,籽棉产量3750 kg/hm 2以上,衣分在40%左右)”的油(或麦)后直播棉模式的人工采收品种选用策略。旨在促进安徽沿江地区棉花生产稳定发展。     

基于BP神经网络的柴油发动机特性建模

建立连续的发动机燃油特性和调速特性数学模型作为液压机械无级变速器虚拟试验平台的动力源。根据虚拟平台对不同特性区域的精度需求对柴油发动机不同特性区域的试验数据进行不同的密度选取、乱序和归一化处理,采用单隐层BP神经网络对试验数据进行训练,对比不同隐层节点数网络的训练误差和测试误差,选取误差最小的网络,求解出网络的数学表达式。通过该方法以ISLe310柴油发动机为例建立燃油特性和调速特性的连续数学模型,这两个简单的数学表达式准确反映了发动机万有特性和外特性,连续模型避免了虚拟试验中出现信号的突变和奇异点。通过和经典的最小二乘法拟合得到的最优特性模型进行对比,其具有更小的误差、更强的泛化能力,能够更好地反映柴油发动机的相关特性。     

Control of insect pests using trunk injection in a newly established apple orchard

We evaluated the potential for using preplant trunk injections of emamectin benzoate in nonbearing apple trees. Trees were evaluated for pest injury and emamectin residues throughout the planting season and into the following year. Injections into the trunk best delivered emamectin benzoate to the canopy compared with injections into the taproot, and the higher rate reduced insect pests more than the lower rate. In the following year, differences in insect control between trunk and root injections were less pronounced, but the higher rate of emamectin benzoate persisted longer and better reduced pests relative to the other treatments.     

基于实时性优化的内燃机燃烧分析系统研究

采用缸压传感器、数据采集卡、光电编码器和Lab VIEW软件,搭建在线缸压采集和实时燃烧分析系统平台,研究HCCI和RCCI燃烧模式的循环波动特性。针对单循环缸压测量过程中的通道效应干扰,基于频谱分析,采用FFT、线性插值法和IFFT等方法相结合的滤波方式,实现共振峰的在线自适应识别与实时滤波,较好地减少了单循环缸压的干扰误差,使单循环的实时燃烧分析成为可能。随后,基于实时滤波后的缸压曲线,计算得到内燃机的最大压力升高率、燃烧放热率、爆发压力等重要燃烧参数。利用程序算法中同步性良好的生产者/消费者运算模式提高数据的共享能力,实现了数据实时运算与数据快速储存的并行处理,提高了燃烧计算的实时性;针对发动机不同工作阶段采用了不同精度层次的计算方法,减少了进排气、压缩和膨胀阶段的计算耗时,在计算量较大的燃烧放热率计算部分,通过适当简化计算公式和公式节点运算模块来提高燃烧系统的实时性。最后,分析了燃烧分析系统的实时性,并进行了燃烧分析系统的实验验证。     

Embryo-mediated genome editing for accelerated genetic improvement of livestock

Selecting beneficial DNA variants is the main goal of animal breeding. However, this process is inherently inefficient because each animal only carries a fraction of all desirable variants. Genome editing technology with its ability to directly introduce beneficial sequence variants offers new opportunities to modernize animal breeding by overcoming this biological limitation and accelerating genetic gains. To realize rapid genetic gain, precise edits need to be introduced into genomically-selected embryos, which minimizes the genetic lag. However, embryo-mediated precision editing by homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms is currently an inefficient process that often produces mosaic embryos and greatly limits the numbers of available edited embryos. This review provides a summary of genome editing in bovine embryos and proposes an embryo-mediated accelerated breeding scheme that overcomes the present efficiency limitations of HDR editing in bovine embryos. It integrates embryo-based genomic selection with precise multi-editing and uses embryonic cloning with elite edited blastomeres or embryonic pluripotent stem cells to resolve mosaicism, enable multiplex editing and multiply rare elite genotypes. Such a breeding strategy would enable a more targeted, accelerated approach for livestock improvement that allows stacking of beneficial variants, even including novel traits from outside the breeding population, in the most recent elite genetic background, essentially within a single generation.     

浅谈发动机冷却系统燕平衡整机试验

发动机冷却系统热平衡整机试验作为拖拉机的基本性能,在试验中,如何发现特点、提高发动机冷却系统热平衡整机性能,已成为产品研发中的重要环节。     

Analysis of residuals for stability assessment of rice genotypes

The analysis of residuals computes general adaptabilities (GAs) and specific adaptabilities (SAs) of genotypes similar to combining ability analysis. The residual analysis is simple and robust being based on the first-degree statistics, and is assumption-free. A unique statistic of ratio of variances (VR) of residuals for individual genotypes allows comparing their stability. The residuals analysis of genotype × environment (GE) interactions was performed for grain yield (t ha^?1) of 25 rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes, including two developed by marker-assisted selection for root traits quantitative trait loci (QTL), tested across 16 sites. Results were compared with the linear regression analysis for (i) full set of 16 sites showing adequacy of linear model and (ii) subset of nine-poor sites showing inadequacy of linear model. There was agreement between the two analyses for situation (i) but not for situation (ii) when the regression analysis fails because of nonlinearity but the residual analysis retains its validity.