根系修剪对枳生长及相关基因表达的影响

以枳实生苗为试验材料,通过两年重复试验分析了不切除主根、切除1/3主根、切除1/2主根、切除2/3主根等4个不同水平根系修剪处理下枳实生苗生长发育、根系构型和营养吸收的情况,并检测了不同水平根系修剪处理对侧根发育关键基因表达量的影响。结果表明,切除1/2主根处理增加了枳实生苗的株高、茎粗、地上部鲜重和根系鲜重,改善了根系构型参数(侧根数、总根长、根表面积和平均长度),增加了根系P、K、Ca、B、Fe、Na和Zn等营养元素含量。另外,实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测发现,根系修剪处理诱导了侧根发育关键基因HOX1和CYP2的积累,并抑制了IAA11和IAA13的表达。综上所述,适度根系修剪可能通过诱导HOX1、CYP2基因的上调和IAA11、IAA13基因的下调来调控枳实生苗侧根的生长发育,改善根系构型,从而提高枳实生苗对营养元素的吸收能力及植株的生长发育。     

茶树植保机械及减量施药技术研究进展

农药防治是茶树病虫害综合防治的重要组成部分,其在病虫害突发或爆发时具有快速高效的防治优势。茶树叶片表面具有亲水性,常量施药会造成茶叶农残超标、生态环境破坏等问题,实现茶树减量施药是减少茶叶农残的有效手段。系统综述了茶树生物特性、茶树病虫害预测诊断及防治方法、茶树植保机械及施药技术,强调提高茶树低容量喷雾的农药有效利用率是实现茶树减量施药的关键。针对目前茶园地面工况复杂及农药利用率低的问题,本文从低容量仿形喷雾机、茶树病虫害喷雾决策及智能终端等六个方面提出茶树病虫害施药技术及装备的研究建议,指出低量化、精准化及智能化是未来茶树植保喷雾机械及施药技术的发展方向。     

新疆杨树/紫花苜蓿林草复合系统中根系分布特征及生产力

为了解杨树（Populus L.）/紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）林草复合系统中两种植物根系的分布及相互关系，利用WinRHIZOTM对3 a生紫花苜蓿和7 a生杨树在单作和间作条件下0~60 cm土层中的根长密度（RLD）、平均根直径（ARD）和比根长（SRL）的分布进行测定分析。结果表明：间作紫花苜蓿RLD降低了10.01%~54.29%，20~60 cm土壤中紫花苜蓿ARD降低了11.15%~37.30%, 间作苜蓿的SRL比单作苜蓿高10.52%~28.78%；间作增加了 0~40 cm土层中杨树ARD的20.36%~28.08%，增加了苜蓿种植区域0~20 cm土层中杨树RLD的15.51%~34.23%。杨树SRL受到的影响较小，仅在8月5日的0~20 cm 土层中测得单作和间作SRL存在差异，单作杨树SRL比间作杨树高14.46%。单作和间作苜蓿的最高产量均在第一次收获时期，间作降低了苜蓿的产量，在第一次、第二次和第三次收获中产量分别降低了24.7%、30.9% 和 43.7%，与单作苜蓿相比，杨树/紫花苜蓿林草复合系统中苜蓿的总产量减少了31.2%。通过计算土地当量比，发现杨树与紫花苜蓿复合经营为杨树林带增加了额外来自紫花苜蓿的收入，能够提高系统41%的生产力。综上所述，林草复合系统中紫花苜蓿根系分布及生长受到了不利影响，而杨树根系受到了有利的影响。相比单作种植，林草复合系统有较高的生产力和资源利用效率，具有提高新疆地区防护林带生态和经济回报率的潜能。     

乡土阔叶树种在碳汇造林中的应用及优势分析

随着我国社会经济的发展,逐步暴露出了许多的生态环境问题。而为了维持生态的平衡,就要提高植树造林的力度,这其中碳汇造林就是植树造林工作的延伸。在碳汇造林中乡土阔叶树种发挥着重要作用,针对乡土阔叶树种在碳汇造林中的应用进行分析,对项目中出现的问题进行优化。     

太子参须提取物对鸭流感病毒体外试验初探

为尝试性探究太子参须提取物对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长的抑制作用,本文基于TCID50试验检测鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外感染不同处理组的MDCK细胞。结果表明,太子参须提取物高低剂量组(75%、25%)和黄芪多糖阳性对照组均对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长产生抑制,且太子参须提取物高剂量组(75%)的抑制作用最优。结论:太子参须提取物对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒在MDCK细胞上的体外增殖具有一定抑制作用,且呈相应剂量关系。     

Root distribution patterns of peanut genotypes with different drought resistance levels under early‐season drought stress

Drought severely limits crop yield of peanut. Yet cultivars with enhanced root development enable the exploration of a greater volume of soil for water and nutrients, helping the plant survive. Root distribution patterns of three genotypes (ICGV 98305, ICGV 98324 and Tifton‐8) were compared when grown in well‐watered rhizoboxes and when grown in rhizoboxes where an early‐season drought was imposed using rain‐exclusion shelters. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications, and the experiment was conducted during two seasons at the Field Crop Research Station of Khon Kaen University, in Khon Kaen, Thailand. The root system of ICGV 98305, when grown under drought, had a significantly higher root length in the 30–110 cm deep soil layers and less roots in the 0–30 cm soil layers when under drought than when grown under well‐watered conditions. Roots of Tifton‐8 had the largest reductions in root length in upper soil layer and reduced in most soil layers. Tifton‐8 grown under drought was smaller than under well‐watered control for all root traits, showing negative response to drought. The peanut genotypes with high root traits in deeper soil layer under early‐season drought might contribute to drought avoidance mechanism.     

草莓丝核菌根腐病病原菌鉴定及7种杀菌剂的抑菌作用测定

为了解草莓丝核菌根腐病的病原种类及筛选防治丝核菌根腐病的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、细胞核荧光染色、菌丝融合群测定以及rDNA-ITS的序列分析,对北京和河北承德地区的草莓丝核菌根腐病的病原菌进行了鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种杀菌剂对丝核菌的抑菌作用。结果发现,北京地区的丝核菌为双核丝核菌(binucleate Rhizoctonia,BNR),属于融合群AG-A;河北的丝核菌为立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani,属于融合群AG-4。氟啶胺、吡唑醚菌酯、噻呋酰胺、戊唑醇、咯菌腈、氟硅唑对2种丝核菌均有很强的抑制作用,EC_(50)值为0.063 9～2.485 7μg/mL,抑霉唑的抑制作用较差,EC_(50)值为9.966 8～11.236 8μg/mL。同一种杀菌剂对不同丝核菌的抑制作用存在差异,噻呋酰胺、戊唑醇、氟硅唑、咯菌腈和抑霉唑对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用强于对双核丝核菌。试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治草莓丝核菌根腐病提供了科学依据。     

蚯蚓养殖对幼龄胶园土壤养分及橡胶树根系生长的影响

本研究旨在探讨林下蚯蚓养殖对幼龄胶园土壤养分及橡胶树根系生长的影响。以牛粪作为原料，于 2017年4—11 月在 4 年生幼龄胶园铺设粪垄养殖蚯蚓，并测定土壤养分和根系生长情况。结果表明，与对照（CK）相比，铺设粪垄无蚯蚓养殖（WQ）和铺设粪垄蚯蚓养殖（Q）处理总体上可显著提高土壤硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾和土壤水分含量以及土壤 pH，而对土壤铵态氮、有机质、微生物活性及微生物群系数量无显著影响（p<0.05）；和 CK 相比，WQ和 Q 处理显著促进根的生长，并提高吸收根的比例（p<0.05）。综上所述，在幼龄胶园养殖蚯蚓短期内（半年）可提高土壤速效养分含量，促进根系生长。     

Phenotypic plasticity of two invasive alien plant species inside a deciduous forest in a strict nature reserve in Italy

ABSTRACT

Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) represent one of the main biological threats to biodiversity worldwide. Information about their phenotypic plasticity are needed to increase awareness about their future invasive potential. A study about phenotypic plasticity in response to contrasting light regimes and its quantification by a plasticity index (PI) of two IAPs (Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia) inside a Strict Nature Reserve was conducted. R. pseudoacacia showed a 70% higher PI, with a strongly greater value at morphological leaf level, associated with a greater ability to survive and grow in forest understory, explaining its greater widespread. Otherwise, A. altissima showed its highest PI at physiological level, which was associated with the ability to colonize and grow in environments with high-light regimes. Based on these results, the conservative management has limited the presence of A. altissima by its lower ability to grow in forest understory. In fact, the small-scale gaps in the forest infrastructure, that could allow its recruitment, are originated only from the death of a single tree or small group of trees. Regarding R. pseudoacacia, it is critical to maintain this type of management because any disturbances resulting in large openings could further promote its presence inside the Reserve.     

混播比例和施氮肥对箭筈豌豆/燕麦草地根系特性的影响

豆科和禾本科牧草混播是栽培草地的重要模式之一,能显著改善土壤,提升系统可持续生产能力。牧草根系是土壤有机质返还的重要来源,但混播草地中牧草根系特性的变化尚不清楚。以箭筈豌豆和燕麦草地为对象,研究了不同施氮肥水平和混播比例下其根生物量、根性状的变化。结果表明:1)混播比例和施氮肥对草地根生物量和根性状有显著交互作用,混播草地根生物量显著大于单播;与高氮肥处理相比,根生物量在低、中氮肥处理下更高;高氮肥对根长、比根长、根表面积和比根面积在植物生长前期表现为抑制作用,在生长后期随混播中箭筈豌豆比例的增大,抑制作用减轻。2)混播条件下土壤硝态氮含量大于单播,而土壤铵态氮含量仅在乳熟期时大于单播,且随混播中箭筈豌豆比例增大,矿质氮含量增加;施氮肥对0~30 cm土层中的矿质氮含量有显著影响,其含量在施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2下最高,不施肥下最小。3)根生物量与土壤硝态氮含量间显著正相关,根长、根表面积、根体积与土壤硝态氮含量间显著负相关。综上,混播中箭筈豌豆比例的增加有助于改善土壤矿质氮,优化混播草地根性状。