兰花选育种研究进展

兰科植物为单子叶植物中最大的一个科。全国各地极其重视资源的调查、收集与驯化及其外来品种的引进；已有17个种的兰花种子成功运用超低温技术贮存；染色体分析技术及分子标记成为资源评价的重要手段，应用于研究兰科植物的亲缘关系及其遗传多样性这两方面的研究报道较多。兰花育种以传统的人工杂交为主，通过人工杂交已获得大量种间、属间杂交种；多倍体育种方法及生物技术作为辅助手段应用于兰花育种，获得了多倍体植株及转基因植株。     

Deferring flowering of nobile dendrobium hybrids by holding plants under low temperature after vernalization

Orchids are currently the most valuable potted crop in the United States. To date, no studies focused on making possible the year-round greenhouse production of flowering nobile dendrobium orchids. This experiment was aimed at developing a strategy to defer flowering of nobile dendrobium orchids by holding them under low temperature. Mature Den. Red Emperor ‘Prince’ and Den. Sea Mary ‘Snow King’ were held at 10 °C for various durations (0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks) after vernalization (4 weeks at 10 °C). Plants were forced in a greenhouse after holding. Time to flower, flower differentiation (flowering node percentage, number of aerial shoot and aborted bud) and flower quality (total flower number, flower diameter, flower number per flowering node and flower longevity) were determined. Increase of low temperature holding duration from 0 to 16 weeks extended time to flower up to 3 months and did not affect parameters of flower except producing larger flowers and reducing flower number per flowering node for Den. Red Emperor ‘Prince’. Notably, the flower longevity was not adversely affected. Defoliation was aggravated in Den. Red Emperor ‘Prince’ by longer duration of cooling and was considered a detrimental effect of low temperature holding.     

生物胶缓释肥对洋兰试管苗生长量的影响

本文用生物胶作载体,加1250ppm、2500ppm、5000ppm营养液分别配制成生物胶缓释肥,分别施于洋兰试管苗的生长基质中,用叶面积模型Y=-0.32+0.87X(X=1.d)定期测算叶面积增量,以研究生物胶缓释肥对洋兰生长量的影响.运用模糊正交设计分析表明,在施肥方法、营养液浓度和施加次数3个试验因子中,施肥方式是影响生长的主要因子.与直接施加营养液的传统施肥方法相比,生物胶2号缓释肥能有效地促进洋兰试管苗的生长,其平均叶面积生长量提高2倍以上,且肥效持续时间长,成本低廉,具有较高的实用价值.     

兰花矿质营养研究进展

矿质营养是提高兰花花朵品质的关键,对目前国内外兰花的氮、磷、钾等矿质营养的研究进展进行了综述,对施肥量及其对兰株的影响地总结,为确定兰花的营养诊断标准与高效施肥方案提供理论依据,对兰花的生产栽培具有指导意义。     

Does nectar reward affect rarity and extinction probabilities of orchid species? An assessment using historical records from Belgium and the Netherlands

The long-term persistence of plant populations may partly depend on pollination processes and seed production. The exact role of pollination in determining plant population viability still remains largely unclear. Orchid species have often been shown to be pollinator limited. Especially, non-rewarding species are characterized by infrequent pollinator visits and low seed set. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that, if overall population fitness of orchid species is influenced by seed production, non-rewarding species should be more prone to local extinction than rewarding species. To study the importance of nectar reward on orchid persistence, we collected historical records about the distribution of 32 orchid species in Flanders (Belgium) and 37 orchid species in the Netherlands. For both regions, present distribution patterns were compared with historical data. Between 1930 (Flanders) or 1950 (the Netherlands) and 2000, 26 (81%) species showed decreases in distribution range in Flanders, eight of which had gone extinct, whereas 29 (78%) species showed declines in distribution area in the Netherlands, five of which went extinct. Contrary to previously reported results, orchid distribution patterns were not related to nectar reward. There was also no significant relationship between nectar reward and extinction for both regions. Orchids typically occurring in wet grasslands and heathlands suffered greater losses than orchids typically confined to forest habitats or calcareous grasslands. We conclude that the production of nectar does not represent a safeguard for local extinction of orchid species. Habitat loss and other deterministic threats associated with habitat fragmentation and deterioration are more important determinants of orchid persistence.     

兰花高频再生体系探究

[目的]为兰花转基因工程研究奠定基础。[方法]以大花蕙兰原球茎、小苗和春兰种子为材料,以MS为基本培养基,将原球茎切成薄片slice、小苗叶片切成小段进行诱导培养,用舍有GFP基因的农杆菌对春兰幼小原球茎进行转化,检测GFP,的瞬间表达。[结果]薄层切片较薄时,褐化和死亡率较高,但从切口处长出的原球茎多而圆;薄层切片较厚时,褐化和死亡率较低,但切口处无再生原球茎产生;对切片进行7d的暗处理可提高薄层的再生率,黑暗中再生的白色原球茎见光培养2～3d后即可转绿,并很快分化出小芽;叶片原球茎仅在叶片基部的居间分生组织处产生;小于1min的类原球茎为最佳转化受体,GFP的瞬间表达率可达60％。[结论]建立了兰花高频再生体系。     

Identification and characterization of a tospovirus causing chlorotic ringspots on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phalaenopsis</Emphasis> orchids

A putative virus-induced disease showing chlorotic ringspots on leaves of Phalaenopsis orchids has been observed in Taiwan for several years. A virus culture, 91-orchid-1, isolated from a Phalaenopsis orchid bearing chlorotic ringspot symptoms was established in Chenopodium quinoa and Nicotiana benthamiana, and characterized serologically and biologically. The virus reacted slightly with the antiserum of Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV) but not with those of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV). Isometric particles measuring about 70–100 nm were observed. Inoculation with isolated virus was conducted to confirm that 91-orchid-1 is the causal agent of chlorotic ringspot disease of Phalaenopsis orchids. To determine the taxonomic relationships of the virus, the conserved region of L RNA and the complete nucleocapsid gene (N gene) were cloned and sequenced. The sequence of conserved region of L RNA shares 83.8, 82.5, 64.4 and 64.9% nucleotide identities and 96.5, 97.7, 67.3 and 67.6% amino acid identities with those of Peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV), WSMoV, TSWV and INSV, respectively, indicating that 91-orchid-1 is a tospovirus related to WSMoV. The complete nucleotide sequence of the N gene determined from a cDNA clone was found to be 828 nucleotides long encoding 275 amino acids. Sequence analyses of the N gene showed that 91-orchid-1 is an isolate of Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) which has been reported to infect tomato and capsicum plants in Australia and Thailand. 91-orchid-1 is therefore designated as CaCV-Ph. To our knowledge, this is the first formal report of a tospovirus infecting Phalaenopsis orchids.     

兰科菌根真菌对石斛组培苗的接种效应

从野生球花石斛(Dendrobium thyrsiflorum)根系中分离到Dt1、Dt2、Dt5、Dt6、Dt7、Dt8 共6株真菌,将其接种到铁皮石斛(Dendrobium candidum)和球花石斛组培苗的根系上,定期测定石斛苗的株数、株高、叶数、新芽数等指标,并与不接种的石斛苗进行比较。试验结果表明,Dt5号和Dt8号真菌的接种效果最好,地上植株和地下根系生长均良好,株数增多、株高增加、落叶减少,新芽和新根萌发,因此它们对于石斛组培苗的成功栽培具有实际应用价值。     

兰花信息咨询系统

兰花信息咨询系统分为4大模块:搜索查询模块,帮助模块,系统维护模块,浏览模块,以Windows98/XP/2000作为开发平台,采用PowerBuilder8 0为程序设计语言,运用OLE技术开发出图文并茂的的数据库,并采用面向对象程序设计思想,可视化编程技术,整个界面简洁漂亮,易于修改和操作,智能化程度高,可在实际的园林教学和生产上得到广泛应用     

Effects of development,temperature, and calcium hypochlorite treatment on in vitro germinability of Phalaenopsis seeds

There are no standardized procedures for sanitizing orchid seeds for propagation by tissue culture and there is insufficient information about the optimum stage of orchid seed development for best germination. Phalaenopsis amabilis flowers were hand-pollinated and fruits harvested 90, 105, and 120 d after pollination (DAP) for seed developmental analysis. Embryo cell number per seed was counted after staining with 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and viewing through a confocal microscope. Germination percentage and cell number per embryo increased from 14 to 61% and 41 to 66%, respectively, during fruit development from 90 to 120 DAP. Seeds from mature, browning (∼140 DAP) Phalaenopsis Sogo Lit-Angel and Phalaenopsis spp. breeding line 9450 seed pods failed to germinate until frozen at −196, −80, or −18 °C and thawed or chilled at 4 °C for 10 d. Germinability in 140 DAP seeds was correlated with cracked testa after freezing and thawing. P. amabilis seeds were treated with 0, 5, 10, or 15% calcium hypochlorite (CH) for 5, 10, or 15 min. Ninety six percent of untreated seeds from 90 DAP fruit produced protocorms within 40 d after sowing (DAS). Exposing seeds to 5% CH for 10 or 15 min decreased germination to 85 and 73%, respectively. Exposure to 10 or 15% CH for 5, 10, or 15 min produced seed germination percentages of less than 40%. Protocorms developed root hairs and shoot primordia by 50 DAS and an average of one leaf and root by 85 DAS after treatment with either 0 or 5% CH. Higher concentrations delayed or inhibited protocorm development. Green fruits 120 DAP produced the highest percentage of protocorms, while ∼140 DAP seeds from browning fruit were dormant but cold treatments increased germination.