强化型EM菌剂对金针菇菌糠堆肥的影响

为提高EM菌剂在菌糠堆肥中的应用效果,加速腐熟进程,改善堆肥质量,采用纤维素酶与木聚糖酶高产菌株黑曲霉SNH-7、蛋白酶高产菌株枯草芽孢杆菌SNK-103与EM菌剂进行复配,研制强化型EM菌剂,并研究其对菌糠堆肥的影响。结果表明：与普通EM菌剂相比,接种强化型EM菌剂的处理堆肥过程中微生物代谢更加旺盛,温度、pH、EC值、总有机碳、可溶性有机碳、总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、C/N、腐植酸和黄腐酸含量等理化指标的升高或降低幅度更大,腐熟进程加快;成品堆肥的GI提高,C/N降低,总氮、硝态氮、总腐植酸和游离腐植酸的含量升高,生物安全性更好、肥效更高。说明在EM菌剂中补充纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和蛋白酶高产菌株,可强化其对纤维素、木质素和蛋白质的降解能力,在无辅料、高C/N、低pH的不利条件下,添加该菌剂能加速堆肥进程,提高堆肥质量。     

番茄穴盘育苗基质特性及育苗效果研究

为了筛选出适宜北京地区春茬番茄的穴盘育苗基质,并明确其物理和化学性质,以提高育苗基质的标准化,推动育苗技术精准控制的标准化进程,选取了北京地区各大育苗场常用的3种商品基质和6种以草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩为主要原料复配的自配基质,用于番茄穴盘集约化育苗,分析育苗基质的理化性质及育苗效果。结果表明:A3处理(北京绿穑生物商品基质)番茄幼苗茎粗最大,较CK(草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩体积比为3∶1∶1)增加13.1%,根冠比和壮苗指数也均最大,分别为0.132和0.069,A5处理(草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩体积比按3∶1∶1混合,每穴添加1 g基质伴侣)仅次于A3处理,两处理春季育苗效果好,建议进行推广应用。     

The effects of density and artificial substrate on intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei nursery production

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can be installed indoors, allowing year-round production of tropical animals in nearly any climate. A nursery phase is commonly used in Litopenaeus vannamei production since it allows for enhanced biosecurity and better quantification of animals while reducing space requirements. However, it is unclear whether animal density and inclusion of artificial substrate may improve shrimp performance during the nursery phase. In this experiment, we compared shrimp production parameters in two stocking densities with or without the use of an artificial substrate by creating four treatments: low-density LD; 1500 PL/m⁻³, low-density with substrate LDS, high-density HD; 3000 PL/m⁻³), and high-density with substrate (HDS). The LDS and HDS treatments included 0.46-m² of high-density polyethylene 2.5-cm mesh as a substrate, which increased the tank surface area by 21 %. Each treatment was randomly assigned to four 160-l culture tanks, each with a biofilter. The shrimp had an initial weight of 4 mg and were grown for 50 days. The low-density treatments had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH than the high-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001). Specifically, LDS had the highest DO and pH followed by the LD, HD, and HDS treatments, respectively. High-density treatments had significantly higher NO₂-N levels than low-density treatments during week 2 of the experiment when an unusually high concentration of nitrite was observed. FCR was significantly lower in both low-density treatments than in high-density treatments. At harvest, the total biomass (kg m⁻³) was significantly higher in high-density treatments than in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001), and the HDS treatment had a significantly greater biomass output than HD. Producers should consider artificial substrate and higher densities during nursery production to maximize shrimp production; however, the effects on water quality should also be taken into account.     

无菌条件下野蔷薇种子快速催芽的研究

野蔷薇种子休眠深,发芽极不整齐,给育苗带来很大麻烦。以野蔷薇的3个无刺品系No.3、No.4、No.11和野蔷薇变种荷花蔷薇为试材,研究在无菌条件下,冷藏时间、GA3浓度和不同基质对野蔷薇种子发芽的影响,探索快速得到无菌实生苗的条件。结果表明:(1)影响野蔷薇种子萌发最主要的因素是冷藏时间;(2)3个无刺品系种子在冷藏10～15d、GA30.05～0.1mg/L处理时发芽率均在90%～100%,而荷花蔷薇种子在冷藏15d、GA30.05mg/L处理时最高发芽率为73%;(3)选用沙子作基质比蛭石更适合种子发芽。     

The rates of maize growth and lignin biosynthesis change after root-applied chalcone

The effects of root-applied chalcone at 0.15 mmol L⁻¹ on the growth and lignin biosynthesis in maize were investigated. The contents of 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL, EC 6.2.1.12) substrates in maize shoots were increased more rapidly in the samples with chalcone application than in the control and the increase occurred at ≤ 3 h after the application (HAA). The lignin content was reduced by chalcone at ≤ 6 HAA. The shoot growth was suppressed by chalcone at ≤ 9 HAA. Consequently, the results suggest that chalcone suppressed maize growth by inhibiting monolignol biosynthesis.     

育苗轻型基质块配方研究

为充分利用南方果树废弃物资源,以香蕉菠萝废弃茎叶堆肥和椰糠作为基质材料,添加粘合剂、固化剂、改良剂,制作出基质块。采用正交法设定基质块配方,通过测试分析基质块的理化性状,确定最佳的基质块配方。结果表明,香蕉菠萝废弃茎叶堆肥和椰糠的配比是影响基质块理化性状的主要因素,各因素影响的主次顺序为:基质配比改良剂粘合剂固化剂;综合分析,A3B2C3D3组合配方具有最佳的理化性状,即基质配比(堆肥:椰糠)为4:6,粘合剂(聚乙烯醇)为4%,固化剂(硼砂)为2.5%,改良剂为140%。     

日光温室蔬菜栽培废弃基质露地还田对土壤理化性质及辣椒生理特性和产量的影响

为了研究基质还田对大田土壤和辣椒生长生产的影响,以日光温室连续栽培蔬菜6年的废弃基质还施露地种植辣椒,测定了不同施用量(0,45,90,135 m~3/hm~2)的土壤理化性质及辣椒生理特性和产量。结果表明:基质还田能够减少土壤pH变化,减小土壤容重、略微增加土壤孔隙度、保持土壤气水比,改善了土壤的理化性状,促进辣椒植株的生长且利于其干物质积累,其中株高、茎粗及干物质积累量均以T2最好。提升了辣椒叶片光合荧光的表现,T2的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ均为最高,T1的q P最高,NPQ为T3最低。提高了辣椒果实的品质及产量,T2产量达67.04 t/hm~2,可溶性糖含量以T2最高,为2.21%,Vc含量T3最高,为1.97 mg/g,T1的可溶性蛋白含量最高、硝酸盐含量最低,分别为2.07,204.93 mg/kg。而与此同时,较大的还田施用量(135 m~3/hm~2)在辣椒生长的中前期造成了一定的毒害现象,在生育后期此现象消失,最终各项指标全面优于未还田处理。废弃基质露地还田这样的重复利用方式切实有效,(在种植同科作物的情况下)还田施用量宜选择90 m~3/hm~2。     

有机生态栽培基质配比对生菜生长及品质的影响

以传统基质草炭、蛭石及腐熟羊粪和玉米秸秆为原料,配制成12种不同配比的栽培基质,以商品叶菜类栽培基质作为对照,研究不同基质配方对生菜生长的影响,以期获得最适合生菜栽培的基质配比组合。结果表明,不同组合基质配比均能满足生菜的正常生长,所有处理的株高、叶面积、单株鲜重和单株干重都较对照组(CK)有着不同程度提高,其中T11(草炭∶腐熟羊粪∶玉米秸秆∶蛭石=1∶4∶3∶4)条件下各指标表现最好,分别较CK提高了31.80%、47.15%、59.43%和79.53%;从生理生化指标来看,T11处理的Vc含量最高,是CK的2.5倍;T10(草炭∶腐熟羊粪∶玉米秸秆∶蛭石=3∶1∶4∶4)的根系活力是所有处理中最高的,达到CK的2.02倍;T12(草炭∶腐熟羊粪∶玉米秸秆∶蛭石=3∶4∶1∶4)处理的叶绿素含量最高,是CK的1.41倍,硝酸盐含量最低,较CK降幅达到74.59%。通过隶属函数进行综合比较分析,我们认为T11是所有供试处理中最适合生菜栽培的基质配比。     

不同腐殖酸含量基质对烟苗品质的影响

为探索腐殖酸应用于烟草漂浮育苗的前景,改进烟草漂浮育苗基质提升烟苗品质,以‘K326’为材料,研究不同腐殖酸含量对烟苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)基质中添加腐殖酸能影响烟苗的生长发育,主要包括烟苗的茎高、生物量及根冠比,且腐殖酸促进烟苗生长的作用随着基质中腐殖酸含量的增加呈现先促进后抑制的作用。(2)基质中添加腐殖酸对烟苗的还苗期时间影响较小,但能显著影响烟苗的移栽成活率,以30%的腐殖酸含量下烟苗的还苗期最短,且移栽后的成活率最高。(3)基质中添加腐殖酸能一定程度影响烟苗的叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、转化酶活性及根系活力的大小,且以腐殖酸含量为30%的处理烟苗生理特性各指标较适宜。综合来看,育苗基质中添加腐殖酸能影响烟苗的品质,适宜的腐殖酸含量能显著提高烟苗的整体品质,基质中最适宜的腐殖酸含量为30%。