Progress in relationship between epithelial sodium channel and related respiratory diseases

Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is an ion channel widely distributed in various tissues and organs of human. It is composed of 3 homologous subunits and allows the flow of sodium ion across epithelial cells, maintain?ing water-salt balance in the cells. Recent studies show that abnormal expression or dysfunction of ENaC in the respiratory system affects water-salt balance, fluid transportation and cell mobility, and causes abnormal changes of the airway surface liquid level and impaired clearance. ENaC is closely related to the development of respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This article reviews the progress in ENaC structure, function and roles in related respiratory diseases in order to provide a reference for the treatment of the diseases.     

Gastrointestinal motility modulation by stress is associated with reduced smooth muscle contraction through specific transient receptor potential channel

Excessive stress response causes disability in social life. There are many diseases caused by stress, such as gastrointestinal motility disorders, depression, eating disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels underlie non-selective cation currents and are downstream effectors of G protein-coupled receptors. Ca²⁺ influx is important for smooth muscle contraction, which is responsible for gastrointestinal motility. Little is known about the possible involvement of TRP channels in the gastrointestinal motility disorders due to stress. The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in gastrointestinal motility caused by stress and to elucidate the mechanism of these changes. The stress model used the water immersion restraint stress. Gastrointestinal motility, especially the ileum, was recorded responses to electric field stimulation (EFS) by isometric transducer. EFS-induced contraction was significantly reduced in the ileum of stressed mouse. Even under the conditions treated with atropine, EFS-induced contraction was significantly reduced in the ileum of stressed mouse. In addition, carbachol-induced, neurokinin A-induced, and substance P-induced contractions were all significantly reduced in the ileum of stressed mouse. Furthermore, the expression of TRPC3 was decreased in the ileum of stressed mouse. These results suggest that the gastrointestinal motility disorders due to stress is associated with specific non-selective cation channel.     

含刚性沉水植物明渠水流结构的试验研究

【目的】得到含刚性沉水植物明渠的水流结构。【方法】采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV),用有机玻璃棒模拟刚性植物,在不同来水流量、植物密度条件下对明渠水流结构进行了试验研究。【结果】无植物时平均流速沿垂向呈对数分布规律,有植物时则呈现明显的分区分布特性。无植物时紊动强度值沿垂向变化不大,有植物时在植物顶端位置处紊动最剧烈。流量或植物密度越大,植物顶端位置的流速梯度就越大,植物层上方的流速最大值也越大。植物密度越大,植物顶端位置的紊动强度越大,植物密度对水流紊动强度由最大值减小到最小值的区域影响很大。【结论】刚性沉水植物的存在会改变水流结构,增强紊动掺混,增强流体质点交换和能量传递,且上述影响会随着流量或植物密度的增大而增强。     

干旱胁迫对不同种源云南松幼苗生物量与根系形态的影响

通过盆栽控水，采用双因素随机区组设计研究了9个不同地理种源云南松幼苗生物量分配和根系形态对干旱胁迫的响应，比较了干旱胁迫下幼苗生物量及其分配以及根系形态在种源间的差异，并通过隶属函数法对不同种源幼苗干旱适应性进行了初步评价。结果表明:1）干旱胁迫下，各种源云南松幼苗地径下降明显，苗高未发生显著变化，各器官生物量和总生物量多呈下降趋势，干旱胁迫并没有导致幼苗根生物量分配比和根冠比的增加，但根系长、比根长、根表面积和比根面积在干旱胁迫下增加显著。2）不同种源云南松幼苗地径、苗高、生物量及其分配比和根系形态在干旱处理下均存在显著差异，其中地径和苗高分别以西昌和双柏种源最大，各器官生物量和总生物量以双柏、西昌和册亨种源较高，察隅种源各器官和总生物量较低，但该种源具有最大的根生物量分配比和根冠比；会泽种源根长、根表面积、比根长和比根面积均最大。研究发现，在土壤水分限制条件下，云南松幼苗以根系形态变化代替根系生物量增加的策略来适应干旱，各种源云南松幼苗生长对干旱胁迫响应的差异可能是由种源地理气候因子长期影响所形成的不同适应性策略所导致。经平均隶属函数值法初步评价了不同种源云南松幼苗对干旱适应性的强弱，结果显示，西藏察隅、云南会泽和四川西昌种源对土壤干旱的适应性较强，云南双柏、贵州册亨、云南云龙种源居中，而云南新平、永仁和禄丰种源适应性较弱。     

桃蚜电压门控钠离子通道基因cDNA克隆及其生物信息学分析

克隆获得桃蚜电压门控钠离子通道基因cDNA序列，明确钠离子通道的典型特征，为研究桃蚜抗性分子机理奠定基础。采用实验技术主要有RT-PCR和PCR，克隆桃蚜钠离子通道基因cDNA序列，利用相关软件对其序列进行生物信息学分析。克隆得到两段cDNA序列MpNa_v-1（NCBI登录号：MN124170）和MpNa_v-2（NCBI登录号：MN176136）。MpNa_v-1长度为2945 bp，包括2877 bp的完整开放阅读框，共编码958个氨基酸；MpNa_v-2长度为3546 bp，包括3486 bp的完整开放阅读框，共编码1161个氨基酸。MpNa_v-1和MpNa_v-2共同组成桃蚜的钠离子通道α亚基，MpNa_v-1包含同源结构域Ⅰ和同源结构域Ⅱ，MpNa_v-2包含同源结构域Ⅲ和同源结构域Ⅳ。同源比对发现，桃蚜与豌豆蚜和高粱蚜钠离子通道基因相似度分别高达97.67%和97.65%，所克隆序列包含昆虫钠离子通道α亚基典型特征，具有MFM模块，并含有蚜虫类钠通道特有模块DENS。成功地克隆桃蚜钠离子通道基因，为阐明其对拟除虫菊酯类药剂产生靶标抗性的分子机制奠定基础。     

考虑土壤水平衡的灌区水资源优化配置研究

针对内蒙古河套灌区解放闸灌域地下水埋深较浅且矿化度高及黄河水量逐年减少等因素导致的农业用水严重短缺问题,本研究以解放闸灌域玉米为研究对象,耦合Jensen模型与土壤水平衡模型构建灌区尺度灌溉水资源优化配置模型,对不同的地下水埋深及土壤含水量情景下水资源优化配置方案进行研究,并利用Lingo软件编程求解模型。结果表明:当地下水埋深为2.5m时,引黄水量为3.85×10~8 m~3,可以达到5.55×10~8元的净经济效益;而土壤水含量为0.12～0.16时,净经济效益为[5.41,5.67]×108元。优化结果验证了模型在当地可行,并针对河套灌区解放闸灌域的不同土壤含水量与地下水埋深情景分别提供14种配水方案。     

3种龙胆科植物的资源分配对策

选择青藏高原东缘同一生境类型下具有不同交配系统特点和不同传粉者丰度的3种龙胆科植物湿生扁蕾(Gentianopsis paludosa)(自花授粉)、祁连獐牙菜(Swertia przewalskii)(高昆虫访问异花授粉)和线叶龙胆(Gentiana farreri)(低昆虫访问异花授粉)为对象,研究其资源分配特征。结果表明,1)3种植物的花粉胚珠比例(P/O)存在显著差异(P0.05),湿生扁蕾的P/O显著低于另外两种异花授粉植物的(P0.05),祁连獐牙菜的P/O显著低于线叶龙胆的(P0.05);2)3种植物的繁殖分配比例存在差异,湿生扁蕾的繁殖分配比例显著高于另外两种异花授粉植物的(P0.05),线叶龙胆的繁殖分配比例显著高于祁连獐牙菜的(P0.05);3)在繁殖分配比例与个体大小关系上,湿生扁蕾与其个体大小不存在显著相关关系(P0.05),而另外两种异花授粉植物则与其各自个体大小之间存在显著负相关关系(P0.05)。研究表明,交配系统类型和传粉者丰度与植物的资源分配模式有关,尽管3种植物的繁殖绝对投入量都与其个体大小显著正相关(P0.05),但自花授粉植物相对于异花授粉植物具有较高的繁殖分配比例,并且这种较高的繁殖分配比例不受个体大小影响,这种高繁殖投入的资源分配模式可能与自花授粉植物具有繁殖保障,从而降低其繁殖代价有关。     

木薯(Manihot esculenta)AKT1基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

植物细胞中的K^+通道蛋白AKT1(Arabidopsis K^+transpoter 1)主要负责吸收K^+。本研究基于木薯基因组数据库信息,利用PCR技术从木薯中克隆一个MeAKT1基因,该基因全长2634 bp,编码877个氨基酸,生物信息学分析表明MeAKT1含有10个外显子和9个内含子,编码的氨基酸分子量为99.02 kD,等电点为8.43,属于稳定蛋白。MeAKT1包含有5个跨膜区域,N端含有1个Ion_trans结构域,C端有1个KHA结构域,其二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主,进化树分析发现MeAKT1与蓖麻RcAKT1的亲缘关系最近。通过对MeAKT1蛋白的生物信息学分析有助于下一步深入研究MeAKT1在木薯耐贫瘠过程中的功能。     

Modelling soil erodibility in mountain rangelands of southern Kyrgyzstan

Soil erosion in mountain rangelands in Kyrgyzstan is an emerging problem due to vegetation loss caused by overgrazing. It is further exacerbated by mountain terrain and high precipitation values in Fergana range in the south of Kyrgyzstan. The main objective of this study was to map soil erodibility in the mountainous rangelands of Kyrgyzstan. The results of this effort are expected to contribute to the development of soil erodibility modelling approaches for mountainous areas. In this study, we mapped soil erodibility at two sites, both representing grazing rangelands in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan and having potentially different levels of grazing pressure. We collected a total of 232 soil samples evenly distributed in geographical space and feature space. Then we analyzed the samples in laboratory for grain size distribution and calculated soil erodibility values from these data using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) K-factor formula. After that, we derived different terrain indices and ratios of frequency bands from ASTER GDEM and LANDSAT images to use as auxiliary data because they are among the main soil forming factors and widely used for prediction of various soil properties. Soil erodibility was significantly correlated with channel network base level (geographically extrapolated altitude of water channels), remotely sensed indices of short-wave infrared spectral bands, exposition, and slope degree. We applied multiple regression analysis to predict soil erodibility from spatially explicit terrain and remotely sensed indices. The final soil erodibility model was developed using the spatially explicit predictors and the regression equation and then improved by adding the residuals. The spatial resolution of the model was 30 m, and the estimated mean adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.47. The two sites indicated different estimated and predicted means of soil erodibility values (0.035 and 0.039) with a 0.05 significance level, which is attributed mainly to the considerable difference in elevation.