旱地长期定位施肥土壤剖面中有效硫累积及其影响因素

对设在黄土高原旱地黑垆土上不同N、P配比与用量的长期定位试验土壤剖面有效硫的分布与累积进行了研究。结果表明 ,长期施用不同量及不同配比的尿素与过磷酸钙肥料 ,对土壤剖面有效硫的含量影响明显 ,无硫投入的处理CK、N2、N4剖面有效硫含量低 ,平均分别为 7.73、10 .6 4、12 .16mg/kg ,分布均匀 ,而有硫投入的处理有效硫在剖面形成累积峰 ,最大含量可达 95.42mg/kg。大量的硫素随过磷酸钙施入土壤之后 ,部分以可溶无机硫酸盐形式被下渗水淋溶到土体的深层累积 ,累积量随施硫量的增加而增加 ,由于投入硫量大 ,在同一硫水平上 ,产量随氮肥用量增加而增加 ,但累积硫的量减少不多。石灰性土壤有效硫的下淋累积受作物、土壤、施肥、降水等多种因素影响 ,是长期的累积过程     

恒电荷土壤及可变电荷土壤与离子间相互作用的研究 I.共存离子对NO_3~-吸附的影响

研究了我国典型３种可变电荷土壤和４种恒电荷土壤在陪伴阳离子分别为Ｋ十、Ｎａ十、Ｃａ２＋时和１ｍｍｏｌＬ－１ＫＣ１、Ｋ２ＳＯ４支持电解质中ＮＯ３－的吸附。结果表明，ＮＯ３－吸附量随ｐＨ的增加而减小。在添加相同浓度ＮＯ３－时，３种可变电荷土壤对ＮＯ３－的吸附量顺序为Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２＞ ＫＮＯ３＞ＮａＮＯ３＞ＫＮＯ３十ＫＣＩ＞ＫＮＯ３＋Ｋ２ＳＯ４；在初始ＮＯ３－浓度０．５－５ｍｍｏｌＬ－１的范围内，吸附量随浓度变化的关系符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温吸附式．由此求出与ＮＯ３－吸附结合能有关的常数（Ｋ）在不同共存离子存在下数值较小且差异不大，因此认为不同陪伴阳离子和不同伴随阴离子对ＮＯ３－吸附的电性机理影响不大，只是改变了土壤表面的正电荷数量从而使吸附量发生变化。４种恒电荷土壤对ＮＯ３－的吸附量通常很小，其中在Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２介质中较在其他介质中稍大，最大吸附量仅为１．５～ｍｍｏｌ ｋｇ－１左右，约为可变电荷土壤的１／１０，且在浓度较低时常观察到负吸附。     

抗盐小麦突变体的诱变筛选及其抗盐性的比较

Ｘ射线辐照前用修复抑制剂咖啡因预处理或辐照后热处理诱变冬小麦萌发种子，Ｘ射线剂量８．６Ｇｙ，剂量率２．１５Ｇｙ／ｍｉｎ。在不同浓度的ＮａＣｌ溶液中进行抗盐突变体的筛选。３个原始品种的诱变处理对比实验表明，相对于单纯的Ｘ射线２，Ｘ射线分别与咖啡因以及热复合处理，能够显提高小麦萌发１．９％ＮａＣｌ溶液中生长１５天的苗存活率。将在１．９％ＮａＣｌ溶液中生长１５天存活的小植株移植到人工气候室中加代繁殖。     

Effect of Zn Adsorption on Charge of Variable Charge Soils

The variation in appa rent carge of two typical variable charge soils resulting from Zn adsorption were studied by KCl saturation and NH4NO3 replacement methods.Results showed that zinc were adsorbed specifically to those sites with negative charge.As in different pH ranges,the percantages of specific and electrostatic adsorptions of zine and the mechanisms of specific adsorption were different,the effects of Zn adsorption on apparent charge were varied and could be characterized as:when 1 mmol Zn^2 was adsorbed,a change about 1 mmol in the apparent charge was observed in the low pH range(1),1.4 to 1.5mmol in the moderate pH range(II) and 0.55 to 0.6mmol in the high pH range (III).These experimental data,in terms of soil charge,proved once more author‘s conclusion in the preceding paper(Sun,1993) that in accordance with the behaviors of Zn adsorption by the variable charge soils in relation to pH,three pH ranges with different adsorption mechanisms were delineated;that is,in Range I,specific adsorption was the predominant mechanism,in Ranges II and III,specific and electrostatic adsorptions co-existed,but their specific adsorption mechanisms were not identical.     

影响湖泊沉积物—水界面磷交换的重要环境因子分析

湖泊沉积物既可充当湖泊水体营养盐的汇也可转变为源,而磷则是富营养化的制约性因子。沉积物-水界面的磷交换过程与沉积物本身的物理化学特征直接相关。本文对沉积物-水界面磷交换动态的内部影响因子及其作用进行了综合分析,并分别论述了沉积物粒级分布、磷的存在形态、电子受体、有机物等对沉积物-水界面磷交换过程的影响与作用。     

冬小麦抗大麦黄矮病毒与丰产性遗传研究

利用 3个抗大麦黄矮病毒 (BYDV)冬小麦材料作母本、4个丰产性品种作父本 ,采用 3× 4不完全双列杂交 ,研究分析其抗病性和丰产性遗传特点结果表明 ,抗病性状和产量性状的遗传均符合加性 显性遗传模型 ,以加性基因效应占绝对优势 ;抗病与高产二性状呈负相关 ,应以耐病高产为选择目标 ;抗病母本应具有较高的一般配合力和较低的特殊配合力方差 ,丰产父本应具有较高的特殊配合力方差。     

不同草本层三倍体毛白杨林地土壤抗蚀性研究

以未退耕的陡坡耕地作对比,对退耕还林4年后三倍体毛白杨林地两种不同草本层模式进行的土壤抗蚀性研究,以及它们和林地细根和草根的相关性分析表明:林地土壤的水稳性团聚体含量上、中、下层和未退耕地在总量上差别不大,但林地上层和中层大粒级的水稳性团聚体含量明显高于未退耕地,林地又以自然草林地高于人工草林地;自然草林地有机质比人工草林地略高,但不明显,未退耕地则由于人为增施农家肥而高于林地;以微团聚体含量为基础的各项抗蚀指标,虽一定程度上也表明林地的抗蚀性高于未退耕地,但不如以水稳性团聚体含量明显;各抗蚀指标与林内细根和草根的相关性表明,就提高大粒级水稳性团聚体含量和水稳性团聚体总量来说,0～2mm细根总体上作用是很显著的,相关系数分别达到0 906和0 798;而≤1mm根系起主要的作用,这其中草根的作用不可忽视,无论细根分级如何,总而言之,凡和有机质相关系数显著的径级,同时也和团聚体呈显著相关关系。     

淹水厌氧培养对水稻土中酶活性的影响

An incubation experiment with soil water content treatments of 0.15 （W1）, 0.20 （W2）, and 0.40 （W3） g g^-1 soil was carried out for two months to investigate the activities of important enzymes involved in C, N, P, and S cycling in a paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, China, under waterlogged and aerobic conditions. Compared with air-dried soil, waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease （P ≤ 0.05） of fluorescein diacetate （FDA） and /3-D-glucosidase activities, and this effect was enhanced with increasing waterlogging time. Waterlogging also significantly inhibited （P ≤ 0.05） arylsulfatase as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase activities, but did not decrease the activities with the increase in waterlogging time. Short-term waterlogging did not affect urease activity, but prolonged waterlogging decreased it markedly. In contrast, the aerobic incubation （W1 and W2 treatments） significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） FDA, alkaline phosphatase, and /3-D-glucosidase activities. With aerobic treatments the activities of FDA and alkaline phosphatase increased with incubation time, whereas /3-D-glucosidase activity decreased. A significant difference （P ≤ 0.05） was usually observed between the W1 and W2 treatments for the activities of FDA as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase; however,/3-D-glucosidase and urease were usually not significant （P ≤ 0.05）. No activity differences were observed between waterlogging and aerobic incubation for arylsulfatase and urease.     

石灰处理对红壤中镉形态及其毒性的影响

The effect of liming 4 red soils developed from Quaternary red clay and red sandstone on the cadmium forms and its toxicity were investigated. Liming the acid red soils could greatly reduce Cd toxicity to plants because the soluble Cd and organic Cd in the soils decreased significantly while Cd bound to minerals/oxides and residual Cd increased markedly with increasing lime rates (pH).     

黄土丘陵林区开垦地土壤抗冲性的时间变化研究

以黄土丘陵林区 10a径流泥沙观测资料为基础 ,进行土壤抗冲试验 ,分析了林地及其开垦后不同年限土壤的抗冲性能。结果表明 ,林地具有很强的抗冲性能 ,一旦被开垦后 ,随侵蚀年限的增长 ,土壤的抗冲性呈减弱趋势 ,在 3L/min流量下 ,土壤冲刷量从侵蚀 1a的 4.0 1g/L增大到侵蚀 10a的 2 5 .5 1g/L ,加剧了土壤侵蚀发展。相关分析表明 ,土壤的抗剪强度对抗冲性影响最大 ,其次为水稳性团粒和有机质含量。因此 ,退耕还林、恢复和重建植被 ,改善土壤侵蚀环境 ,提高土壤抗冲性 ,能有效地防治土壤侵蚀。