Effects of Arsenic‐Contaminated Irrigation Water on Growth,Yield, and Nutrient Concentration in Rice

Abstract

A study was undertaken to determine the effects of different concentrations of arsenic (As) in irrigation water on Boro (dry‐season) rice (Oryza sativa) and their residual effects on the following Aman (wet‐season) rice. There were six treatments, with 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg As L^?1 applied as disodium hydrogen arsenate. All the growth and yield parameters of Boro rice responded positively at lower concentrations of up to 0.25 mg As L^?1 in irrigation water but decreased sharply at concentrations more than 0.5 mg As L^?1. Arsenic concentrations in grain and straw of Boro rice increased significantly with increasing concentration of As in irrigation water. The grain As concentration was in the range of 0.25 to 0.97 µg g^?1 and its concentration in rice straw varied from 2.4 to 9.6 µg g^?1 over the treatments. Residual As from previous Boro rice showed a very similar pattern in the following Aman rice, although As concentration in Aman rice grain and straw over the treatments was almost half of the As levels in Boro rice grain. Arsenic concentrations in both grain and straw of Boro and Aman rice were found to correlate with iron and be antagonistic with phosphorus.     

Effect of Planting Method on Grain Quality and Nutrient Utilization for No-Tillage Rice

Field experiments were conducted over 2 years using six rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cultivars to investigate the effect of two planting methods, transplanting (TP) and direct sowing (DS), on grain quality and nutrient utilization. Brown and head rice percentages, grain width, amylase, and protein content were greater in TP than in DS, whereas the opposite effect was found for chalkiness rate, gel consistency, and alkali spread value (ASV). Dramatic differences were also found between the two planting methods for nutrient harvest index and utilization efficiency, with TP having greater phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) harvest indexes, nitrogen (N) and K utilization efficiencies, and lower N harvest index and P utilization efficiency than DS. Moreover, significant differences between these genotypes could be found for both nutrient harvest index and utilization efficiency. The correlation analysis showed that rice chalkiness, transparency, gel consistency, amylose, and protein contents were all significantly correlated with N, P, and K nutrient traits. In addition, significant interactions between rice cultivar and planting methods for both rice quality and nutrient traits were also found.     

Nitrogen Availability Affects the Yield of Winter Wheat Subjected to Water Stress during Grain Filling

The effects of irrigation regimes (full irrigation and water-withholding at anthesis) and postanthesis nitrogen (N) supplies (LN, 0; MN 20; and HN, 40 kg N ha^?1) on grain yield and its components in winter wheat were studied, with attention to biomass gain by assimilation and its loss by respiration. Fully irrigated wheat responded to N fertilization with increased grain number (GN) and decreased grain weight (GW), whereas drought-stressed wheat responded with greater GN without significant changes in GW. Apparent whole-plant respiration (R_A) was not influenced by increased postanthesis N fertilizer. Thus, in drought-stressed wheat, the total biomass and stem reserves at maturity were increased by increasing N supply. These results suggest that high N supply at anthesis satisfied the grains’ increased demand for N by increasing postfloral assimilation, and the surplus assimilates not only compensated for the low-N-induced biomass loss by respiration but also may have increased the stem reserves.     

Grain yield,growth response,and water use efficiency of direct wet-seeded rice as affected by nitrogen rates under alternate wetting and drying irrigation system

ABSTRACT

The present investigation aimed to determine the effectiveness of different nitrogen (N) rates on grain yield, growth, and water use efficiencies of direct wet-seeded rice and to create a relationship of N rates with growth parameters and dry matter production at different stages. The experiments compared six rates of nitrogen (0, 40,80,120,160, and 200 kg ha^–1N) replicated thrice in randomized complete block design in two conjunctive years of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute farm, Gazipur.The highest grain yield of 7.85 and 7.22 t ha^?1 was observed in N₂₀₀ treatment in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, respectively. The relationship (R²) of total dry matter with leaf area index , leaf area duration, and crop growth rate indicated strong association during booting stage to achieved maximum dry matter during harvest. Water use efficiency varied 87–91% in different N levels.     

Influence of water regime on growth,yield, and nitrogen uptake of rice

Abstract

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of water regime on growth of rice. The greenhouse experiment investigated the effects of two water regimes‐continuous flooding and flooding with soil drying between crops for 2 to 3 weeks on the growth of rice during six cropping (for six week each) on seven soils varying widely in total N contents (0.07 to 0.35%). The results averaged for the 7 soils indicated that the drymatter production or N uptake of rice was not affected by the water regimes during the six croppings.

The field experiment conducted during the dry season for two consecutive years (1976 and 1977) on a near neutral clay soil studied the effects of three water regimes (continuous flooding alternate flooding and soil drying every 2 weeks, and continuous flooding with 2 weeks mid season soil drying after 6 weeks of transplanting) and three levels of fertilizer N (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha as urea) on grain yield and N uptake of rice. The results confirmed the absence of any significant reduction in grain yield or N uptake as a result of any of the soil drying treatments during the growing season on the unfertilized plots carrying a rice crop. On the plots fertilized with 100 or 200 kg N/na, alternate flooding and drying resulted in a significant depression in both grain yield and N uptake. Soil analysis supported heavy losses of N in the fertilized plots that underwent alternate flooding and soil drying apparently by nitrification and denitrification reactions.

The results of this study suggest that alternate flooding and drying of soils in the presence of established rice plants itiay not cause a significant loss of nitrogen in unfertilized plots although in plots fertilized with high rates of N the losses may be large as indicated by the performance of rice crop.     

保护性耕作对小麦-土壤系统综合效应研究

采用长期定位试验与短期田间试验相结合的方法,通过室内化验分析和数理统计,研究了河南省不同土壤类型区保护性耕作对土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量碳氮及小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)籽粒产量和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作显著提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷及交换性钾含量,分别提高24.8%、14.3%、7.8%和24.8%;而对小麦增产效果并不显著。4种不同保护性耕作方式下,免耕、浅耕相比旋耕、深耕,提高小麦穗数15.0%～32.2%,提高穗粒数2.6%～12.6%,但4种处理间小麦千粒重及籽粒产量效果无显著差异;免耕、浅耕较旋耕、深耕可以一定程度上提高苗期和灌浆期土壤含水率、以及土壤碱解氮和有效磷,并显著提高小麦不同生育时期的土壤微生物生物量碳氮。免耕与浅耕是较为适宜河南省小麦生产及土壤可持续利用的保护性耕作方式。     

基于熵权可拓决策模型的区域粮食安全预警

定量评价区域粮食安全及客观的预警指标权重选取对于区域粮食安全至关重要。该文考虑影响粮食供给和需求等因素构建区域粮食安全预警指标体系,结合熵权和可拓学理论,建立基于熵权可拓决策模型的区域粮食安全预警模型,并对安徽省近11a(2000-2010年)的粮食安全进行预警分析。研究结果表明:安徽省粮食安全状况可以分为3个阶段,分别是重警阶段(2000-2004年)、中警阶段(2005-2006年)和安全阶段(2007-2010年);粮食安全预警安全度变化与单项预警指标值波动基本一致,综合安全度逐渐提高。该文建立的粮食安全预警模型能够提高区域粮食安全预警能力、定量评价粮食安全状态并有效预警,为实施粮食安全过程监管提供了新思路和方法。     

基于土地利用和人口密度的中国粮食产量空间化

将统计信息运用到地理-生态过程相关研究中,是人类活动与地理-生态过程相结合的重要体现。农业生产统计数据空间化的过程,即是恢复或重构其空间分布特征的一种手段,可以为地理-生态过程研究提供数据支持。该文以人口密度为因变量,以土地利用数据为辅助因子,将省区级粮食产量分布到空间网格上,得到了中国2000年粮食产量1km×1km网格图。通过在省级、地市州级和县级尺度上的检验,表明利用该方法进行粮食产量空间化能够正确地表达粮食产量的空间分布规律,尤其对于主要粮食产区,具有很高的数据重现精度,可以作为农业区相关研究的数据源。但其数据重现的准确性随着尺度的下降而下降。表明在粒度更细的情况下应该考虑更多的影响粮食产量的因子。在今后的研究中,有必要结合更多的因子进行粮食产量的空间化,以提高其数据重构精度。     

中国灌区水分生产率及其时空差异分析

从粮食产出和广义水资源投入出发,计算了31个省区灌溉农田的水分生产率并分析其时空变化特征,同时建立广义水利用系数以评价水资源的有效利用率。结果显示:由于粮食单产提高和灌溉用水量的减少,1998-2010年各省区水分生产率值均呈增大趋势,全国平均值由0.67kg/m3增大到0.81kg/m3;空间自相关分析表明,水分生产率值相似的省区在空间上显著地聚集,全局Moran’sI的检验值都大于0.01的置信水平,高值省区以黄淮海平原为核心集中分布,长江以南和东北则密集了低值省区,局部自相关属性为高-高(HH)、低-低(LL)的省区超过了20个,13a来总体和局部的空间分异特征随时间变化均不明显;不同地区的广义水利用系数都随时间增加,省区间水分生产率和广义水利用系数大小关系无一致性,水分生产率高的省区亦存在较大节水潜力。从自然条件、农业生产特征、经济发展程度等方面宏观分析了水分生产率和广义水利用系数在空间差异的原因。该研究为灌区水资源管理宏观政策的制定提供依据。     

谷物流量传感器试验台的设计与试验

为了配合切纵流谷物联合收割机大喂入量流量监测系统的开发,该文根据测产需要,研制了一种谷物流量传感器标定试验台。试验台采用刮板式升运器结构,升运器倾角70°～90°。谷物由入粮箱喂入后,通过对插板的调节,可控制试验过程中不同谷物流量大小。基于图像化编程语言LabVIEW,采用NI(national instrument)数据采集卡,建立了一个多通道数据采集系统,可实现喂入粮箱的质量信号、振动信号及谷物流量信号波形和数值的实时显示、存储和分析。室内标定试验结果表明,在没有外力影响的情况下,喂入量的大小对测产精度的影响较大,尤其小流量时,测产误差达到6.55%。系统动态质量平均误差为4.02%,测产平均误差为4.24%,基本满足大喂入量流量监测系统的需要。本试验台研制为谷物流量传感器提供了一个开发平台。