Heat Stress Effects are Stronger on Spikelets Than on Flag Leaves in Rice Due to Differences in Dissipation Capacity

Rice is most sensitive to heat stress at the flowering stage, with different degrees of heat damage in spikelets and leaves. To investigate the heat damage in spikelets and flag leaves, two rice genotypes, N22 (heat‐tolerant) and GT937 (heat‐sensitive), were subjected to a heat‐stress treatment (40 °C for 15 days). The results showed that more damaging was found in spikelets than in flag leaves and the heat stress significantly decreased the seed‐setting rate by 12.41 % in N22 and by 65.02 % in GT937. However, the difference in the net photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf between heat‐stressed and control was not significant. Moreover, the difference of temperatures in spikelets and flag leaves was attributed to the differences in heat dissipating. Under heat stress, the transpiration rate was significantly higher in flag leaves than in spikelets, and the temperature in flag leaves were at least 4 °C cooler than in spikelets. Although the spikelet temperatures did not differ significantly between the two genotypes under heat stress, spikelets of GT937 were more severely damaged than those of N22, which might result from the differences in the antioxidant capacities between genotypes. Results showed that little difference of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase activities of spikelets was found in N22, while significant reduction was found in GT937 under heat stress, compared with control. These results suggest that organ temperature is controlled mainly by transpirational cooling, and that heat stress is an indirect result of oxidative stress, rather than a direct result of heat damage.     

东亚特有种五唇兰的开花物候与繁殖特性

运用花期持续时间、开花振幅、相对开花强度及开花同步性指数等指标,对分布于海南省霸王岭国家级自然保护区内的3个五唇兰自然居群的开花物候(2011～2012年)进行观察、统计和分析.结果表明:五唇兰花期为5月下旬到10月上旬,居群花期历时(120～138)d,个体平均开花持续时间39～69 d,单花花期为(4.58±2.45)d;五唇兰居群开花进程表现出“多重高峰”的开花模式;个体相对开花强度分布频率集中在10％～20％.开花物候指数与繁殖间的相关分析表明:始花时间与花期持续时间、开花数呈极显著负相关,与结实率呈负相关;花期持续时间与开花数呈极显著正相关,与结实率呈极显著负相关;开花数与结实率呈极显著负相关;开花同步性指数与始花时间、开花数呈极显著负相关,与花期持续时间呈正相关.     

Effect of Zinnia angustifolia HBK genotype on morphology and flowering of Z. angustifolia × Z. elegans Jacq. hybrids

Summary Interspecific hybrids were generated from crosses between 4 Zinnia angustifolia clones (maternal parents) and an inbred line of Z. elegans Orange King (paternal parent) to investigate the influence of Z. angustifolia genotype on morphology and flowering of hybrids. Leaf length, leaf width, flower diameter, number of ray petals, and days to flowering of interspecific hybrids were significantly influenced by Z. angustifolia clonal genotype. Genetic analysis of hybrid morphology and development was performed using 2 parental Z. angustifolia clones and 18 F₁ (9 seedlings from each of 2 populations generated from reciprocal crosses between parental clones) as maternal parents in crosses with Z. elegans Orange King. Genotype of Z. angustifolia significantly affected plant height, fresh weight, number of nodes, and days to flowering of interspecific hybrids. Control of these traits was through the Z. angustifolia nuclear genome. Improvement in interspecific hybrid morphology or development, i.e., shorter stature, earlier flowering, or larger flowers, may be possible by selection of superior-performing Z. angustifolia clones as parents.     

Genetics of flowering patterns in pigeonpea: further evidence for two gene control

F₂ and backcross populations of eight crosses among seven parents of different growth habits were studied to determine the genetics of flowering patterns in pigeonpea. Our results confirmed the presence of two independent genes (Dt_1-Dt_2-) for flowering pattern in pigeonpea. The expression of Dt₂ gene controlling semideterminate flowering pattern was completely suppressed in the presence of Dt₁ gene controlling indeterminate flowering pattern. Both the genes in homozygous recessive form (dt₁dt₁dt₂dt₂) caused determinate flowering pattern. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the transmission of the yellow flower colour from Rosa foetida to recurrent flowering hybrid tea-roses

Summary To transfer the yellow flower colour of R. foetida to Hybrid Tea roses, F₁'s and backcrosses with Hybrid Tea's were produced. In B₁ populations, yellow, recurrent flowering seedlings occurred. Recurrent flowering was controlled by one recessive gene.     

稻穗颖花开花日序对籽粒胚乳细胞数和米质的影响

 以不同类型水稻品种为材料，分析了稻穗颖花开花日序对籽粒胚乳细胞数和米质形成的影响。研究发现，同一穗上随着开花日序的推迟，籽粒胚乳细胞数逐渐减少，垩白率、垩白度逐渐上升，糊化温度和直链淀粉含量逐渐降低。上述主要米质性状与胚乳细胞数密切相关，而与单个胚乳细胞重相关不显著。孕穗期去1/2株或始穗期喷施6-BA［6-(苄基)腺嘌呤］，籽粒的胚乳细胞数明显上升，垩白率、垩白度明显下降，糊化温度上升；孕穗期去1/2叶，结果相反；表明由于胚乳细胞数的不同，造成了穗上籽粒间米质的差异。还就改善米质的措施进行了讨论。     

亚种间杂交水稻协优413开花灌浆特性的比较研究

 以盆栽试验对亚种间杂交水稻协优413、其父本中413和籼型杂交水稻汕优10号的开花灌浆特性进行了比较研究。结果表明中413单穗籽粒总干物重最高，协优413次之，汕优10号最低，分别为4652.5、4173.9和3194.4 mg，结实率中413和协优413相近，分别为80.8%和83.9%，显著高于汕优10号的70.5%。单穗产量的差异与组合(恢复系)的开花灌浆特性有关，即与单穗颖花开花集中程度和强弱势粒灌浆结实的差异程度有关。对于供试的3个品种(或组合)而言，颖花开花越集中，强弱势粒灌浆结实差异越小，产量越高。还对单穗颖花开花历时作为今后亚种间杂交水稻的育种目标进行了讨论。     

油松雌雄球花的空间分布特征

１９８６－１９９４年，研究了卢氏油松咎子园无性系雌雄球花在树冠中的空间分布特征，以掌握油松种子园无性系开花结实习性。结果表明，不同无性系雌雄球花垂直分布可分为３种分布型，雌球花以单峰和平缓型为主，雄球花则以偏峰型较常见。雌球花水平分布集中在树冠一级侧枝外缘１－５ａ的轮生枝上，约占总花量的９０．４％，雄球花主要分布在树冠内 弱的枝条上，在冠缘１－５ａ生的轮生枝上着生的雄球花只占总花量的２３．３％，两     

山茱萸结实规律与保花保果技术研究

山茱萸同一花序中小花开放顺序是从边缘向中心依次开放,开放后第1～2天座果率最高。雌蕊可授期7～8d以上。异花授粉座果率最高。座果率与花期降雨量呈显著负相关,与气温呈正相关,每花序日开花数量与日照时数呈显著正相关。花期和生理落果期用B,TRIA,防落素,IBA,NAA喷施及拉枝和开甲等农业技术措施保花保果,效果显著而稳定。     

紫花苜蓿高迁移率族蛋白基因MsHMG-Y调控花期的功能分析

【目的】开花是植物营养生长转向生殖生长的重要标志,对植物的生物量有重要的影响。紫花苜蓿作为世界上最重要的饲草作物之一,其产量和品质与开花时间密切相关。紫花苜蓿的最佳刈割时期是初花期,此时产量和品质最佳。前期获得一个与花期相关的编码基因HMG-Y,通过分析其结构及表达模式,探究其在开花调控途径中的功能,为揭示开花调节机制提供理论基础。【方法】同源克隆MsHMG-Y,并对其进行多序列比对和进化树分析。利用qRT-PCR检测不同组织和不同开花时期该基因的表达水平;分析MsHMG-Y受光照、赤霉素（GA3）、水杨酸（SA）、茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）诱导后的表达模式;观察过表达MsHMG-Y紫花苜蓿的表型,并分析开花促进因子与抑制因子的表达水平。【结果】MsHMG-Y与蒺藜苜蓿MtHMG-Y相似性最高,亲缘关系最近。组织特异性分析显示,MsHMG-Y在花、茎、叶中均有表达,其中,在父本和母本中均为花中表达量最高,叶中表达量最低;在早花表型父本的初花期表达量最高,在晚花表型母本的花芽分化期相对表达量最高。光周期分析表明,延长光照到16 h后,MsHMG-Y表达水平下调,延长光照到28 h后,MsHMG-Y表达水平持续低于对照组,说明该基因受光诱导后下调表达。外施50 μmol·L^-1 GA3、100 μmol·L^-1 SA、100 μmol·L^-1 MeJA后,与对照组相比,MsHMG-Y表达水平均上调,其中,GA3诱导1 h时表达量最高,为对照的3.5倍;SA诱导6 h时表达量最高,为对照的24倍;MeJA诱导3 h时表达量最高,为对照的11倍,说明该基因受3种激素诱导。表型观察发现,与对照相比,过表达MsHMG-Y紫花苜蓿开花较晚,促进开花相关基因的表达水平均下调,抑制开花相关基因的表达水平均上调,其中,表达量变化显著的有促进开花基因MsPHYA、MsGI和MsFTa1,分别降低了4.9、3.9和2.8倍,抑制开花基因MsTEM1和MsSVP的表达量分别提高了2.5和1.9倍。【结论】MsHMG-Y受光周期及外源激素GA3、SA和MeJA的诱导表达。MsHMG-Y对延迟苜蓿开花的调控机制有重要作用。