高产多抗杂交早稻新组合株两优02的选育及应用

株两优02是用广亲和低温敏两用核不育系株1S与抗稻瘟病优质父本ZR02选配而成的两系杂交早稻新组合,表现高产稳产,抗多种病虫害,生育期适宜,食味品质好,在长江流域具有广泛的适应性.2004年10月通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定.认为多抗源聚合杂交是选育对稻瘟病具广谱抗性品种的有效途径,而选育偏籼型广亲和低温敏核不育系是选育亚种间杂交早稻的有效途径.     

水稻群体育种理论与实践

水稻群体育种是以光温敏核不育水稻为遗传载体,借助它的生态不育特性,建立多亲本天然授粉的杂交群体。在F2、F3……进行生态育种和常规育种的双向选择,即选择优良不育株,育成新的光温敏核不育系。选择可育株,育成新的常规水稻品种。在F2、F3……代收取不育株的天然杂交种,构建新一轮杂交群体。作者利用群体育种技术已育成通过辽宁省审定的粳型水稻光敏核不育系GB028S和常规水稻品种盐丰47。     

华南杂交晚籼高产,优质,高效组合选育实践及效果

提出华南杂交晚籼选育的８项意见，即优质性、高产性、抗病性、后期耐寒性、熟期适中性、早制晚用性、恢复系苗期耐寒性以及制种父母本播种差期短等。按此育成了博优２１０等组合，达到了预期的选盲目标。     

Enhancing the mineral and vitamin content of wheat and maize through plant breeding

More than half of the world's population suffers micronutrient undernourishment. The main sources of vitamins and minerals (iron, zinc, and vitamin A) for low-income rural and urban populations are staple foods of plant origin that often contain low levels or low bioavailability of these micronutrients. Biofortification aims to develop micronutrient-enhanced crop varieties through conventional plant breeding. HarvestPlus, the CGIAR's biofortification initiative, seeks to breed and disseminate crop varieties with enhanced micronutrient content that can improve the nutrition of the “hard to reach” (by fortification or supplementation programmes) rural and urban poor in targeted countries/regions. In attempting to enhance micronutrient levels in maize and wheat through conventional plant breeding, it is important to identify genetic resources with high levels of the targeted micronutrients, to consider the heritability of the targeted traits, to explore the availability of high throughput screening tools and to gain a better understanding of genotype by environment interactions. Biofortified maize and wheat varieties must have the trait combinations which encourage adoption such as high yield potential, disease resistance, and consumer acceptability. When defining breeding strategies and targeting micronutrient levels, researchers need to consider the desired micronutrient increases, food intake and retention and bioavailability as they relate to food processing, anti-nutritional factors and promoters. Finally, ex ante studies are required to quantify the burden of micronutrient deficiency and the potential of biofortification to achieve a significant improvement in human micronutrient status in the deficient target population in order to determine whether a biofortification program is cost-effective.     

Assessment of latent infection frequency in progeny tubers of advanced potatoclones resistant to bacterial wilt: A new selection criterion

Summary This paper reports results of a 3-year evaluation of CIP advanced potato clones in a bacterial wilt-infested field (race 3) in Peru. Clones resistant or moderately resistant to wilt were selected and all tubers harvested from each clone were tested for latent infection byRalstonia solanacearum using a sensitive serological technique developed at CIP. A sampling strategy to estimate accurately the frequency of infected tubers in the clones has been evaluated. This method will allow consideration of tuber latent infection as a new selection criterion in breeding for resistance to bacterial wilt. Thirteen clones were found resistant to wilt in all three evaluations (i.e.≤6% wilt), from which five had no wilt in all trials. However, all clones harboured latent infection in tubers averaging 30%. Analysing 30 tubers/clone provides an accurate estimation of the proportion of infected tubers with a high precision level.     

高产多抗两系杂交早稻株两优83的选育与应用

株两优83是湘潭市农科所用广亲和低温敏两用核不育系株1S为母本，以新育成的高产多抗广亲和品系潭早183为父本选配出的两系杂交早稻新组合。该组合具有苗期耐寒力强、中抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病、抗褐飞虱和白背飞虱、生育期适中、高产稳产性好等特性。2002年3月通过湖南省农作物品种审定。     

灰色育种理论在安麦1号和安麦7号选育中的应用

为克服传统经验育种的局限性,笔者等将作物灰色育种理论与方法应用于小麦新品种选育过程中,其技术路线为:采用亲本灰色分类原理选配亲本,配制杂交组合;采用杂交组合灰色评判原理评估F1重点组合;采用单株灰色选择原理选择单株;采用同异分析原理综合评价品种优劣;采用灰色相似性栽培原理实现良种与良法配套;采用中心灰靶布局原理确定新品种最适生态类型区.在这种理论与方法的指导下成功培育出小麦新品种安麦1号、安麦7号.育种实践证明,这种理论与方法用于指导新品种选育是切实可行的.     

浅议我国玉米育种工作的限制因素及解决方法

在今后的几十年,我国玉米需求面临巨大的压力,育种目标的核心是继续提高杂交种的生产潜力和利用价值。但品种资源的狭窄制约我国生产水平的提高。因此为了实现玉米生产的可持续以展,拓宽品种资源,加强对种质的改良、扩增、创新是当务之急。玉米种质产业的发展要在种质扩增、改善品质和应用生物技术领域取得突破性进展。     

海洋青霉菌抗真菌活性物质高产菌株的诱变选育

采用紫外线(UV)、激光(Laser)、亚硝基胍(NTG)复合诱变HN89青霉菌后，再用HN89菌株的次生代谢产物(HN89A)对复合诱变菌株进行了自我抗性的选育．结果表明，与出发菌相比，菌株经诱变后相对效价显提高．自我抗性诱变结果表明：在67株经复合诱变的抗性菌株中，其抗真菌活性物质相对效价高于出发菌株的正变株有60株，正变率达到90％。其中相对效价提高50％以上的菌株为2l株，占所筛选菌株总数的31％；效价提高100％以上的菌株为9株，占13％，其中突变株HN89-68活性物质的相对效价可提高到286％。活性物质效价提高幅度与其自身产量提高幅度存在一定的正相关。诱变高产菌株遗传稳定性好．     

粳型水稻显性半矮秆突变体的发现与初步研究

 在中粳杂交组合“M9056 × R8018选”的F6 选种圃中，发现半矮秆突变单株。以纯合半矮秆单株为父、母本， 与稳定野生型高秆单株进行正、反杂交。种植 P1 、P2 、F1、F2 世代群体。结果表明F1 植株与半矮秆亲本基本相同， 仍然表现半矮秆。 说明该半矮秆突变材料的矮生性表达为显性， 无细胞质效应。F2 群体植株株高性状发生分离，其分离比符合一对等位基因的遗传模式，说明该半矮秆材料的矮生性表达受一对核基因控制。