套袋对苹果果实重金属及农药残留的影响

该文测定了洛川、白水实验园中套双层纸袋、单层纸袋及不套袋苹果果皮、果肉的重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr)含量和农药残留。试验结果发现：不套袋苹果果实的重金属含量明显高于套袋苹果，套单层纸袋苹果果实的重金属含量高于套双层纸袋苹果的重金属含量，重金属主要集中在果皮中；不套袋苹果果皮中三氟氯氰菊酯的检出量为0.03 mg/kg，是套单层纸袋苹果果皮检出量0.01 mg/kg的3倍，套双层果袋苹果果皮及所有苹果果肉中三氟氯氰菊酯未检出。由此可见，套袋是苹果安全生产的有效措施。     

粉煤灰与糠醛渣混合人工土壤的主要化学性质

To solve soil shortage in reclaiming subsided land of coal mines, the principal chemical properties of artificial soil formed by mixing organic furfural residue and inorganic fly ash were examined. The results indicated that the artificial soil was suitable for agriculture use after irrigation and desalination, the available nutrients in the artificial soil could satisfy the growth demand of plants, and the pH tended to the neutrality.     

Remote sensing of crop residue cover and soil tillage intensity

Management of plant litter or crop residues in agricultural fields is an important consideration for reducing soil erosion and increasing soil organic C. Current methods of quantifying crop residue cover are inadequate for characterizing the spatial variability of residue cover within fields or across large regions. Our objectives were to evaluate several spectral indices for measuring crop residue cover using satellite multispectral and hyperspectral data and to categorize soil tillage intensity in agricultural fields. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and EO-1 Hyperion imaging spectrometer data were acquired over agricultural fields in central Iowa in May and June 2004. Crop residue cover was measured in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max Merr.) fields using line-point transects. Spectral residue indices using Landsat TM bands were weakly related to crop residue cover. With the Hyperion data, crop residue cover was linearly related to the cellulose absorption index (CAI), which measures the relative intensity of cellulose and lignin absorption features near 2100 nm. Coefficients of determination (r²) for crop residue cover as a function of CAI were 0.85 for the May and 0.77 for the June Hyperion data. Three tillage intensity classes, corresponding to intensive (<15% residue cover), reduced (15–30% cover) and conservation (>30% cover) tillage, were correctly identified in 66–68% of fields. Classification accuracy increased to 80–82% for two classes, corresponding to conventional (intensive + reduced) and conservation tillage. By combining information on previous season's (2003) crop classification with crop residue cover after planting in 2004, an inventory of soil tillage intensity by previous crop type was generated for the whole Hyperion scene. Regional surveys of soil management practices that affect soil conservation and soil C dynamics are possible using advanced multispectral or hyperspectral imaging systems.     

Sorption-desorption isotherms and biodegradation of glyphosate in two tropical soils aged with eucalyptus biochar

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sorption-desorption process and biodegradation of glyphosate in two tropical soils aged with biochar derived from eucalyptus. The biochar aging period was 30 d. There was little difference between the amounts of sorbed glyphosate in Ultisol (96.8, 96.8 and 96.4%) and Alfisol (97.1, 97.5 and 97.4%) soils that were unamended or amended with biochar aged for 0 or 30 d, respectively. Similar amounts of desorbed herbicide occurred in Ultisol (3.3, 3.3 and 3.4%) and Alfisol (4.1, 4.2 and 3.9%) soils, respectively. The degradation time half-life (DT50) of glyphosate in Ultisol unamended and initial amended were higher (38 and 36 d, respectively) than DT50 in the amended soil with 30 d of biochar aging (27 d); and in the Alfisol DT50 was higher in unamended soil (38 d), and similar in soil unamended at 0 and 30 d of biochar aging (21 and 26 d, respectively). The addition of biochar to two tropical soils or its aging did not have any effect on the sorption and desorption of glyphosate and its biodegradation in relation to the unamended soils, and it can did not affect the transport and persistence of this herbicide in soil.     

Residue cover in wheat systems following dry pea and lentil in the Palouse region of Idaho

Crop management practices are needed that increase crop residue groundcover and reduce soil erosion after winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planting in the Palouse region of northern Idaho and eastern Washington. Trials were conducted in 1997 and 1998 at the University of Idaho Kambitsch Research Farm near Genesee, Idaho, using farm scale equipment to evaluate dry pea (Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) residue production and groundcover across cultivars and tillage intensity. After harvest, legume plot areas were prepared for winter wheat seeding using four main plot tillage systems designed to give progressive levels of tillage intensity: no-till (NT), Ripper–Shooter™ (RS), RS plus one cultivation, and RS plus two cultivations. In 1997, the two dry pea cultivars produced significantly greater residue than the lentil cultivars. In 1998, ‘Pro 2100’ dry pea had significantly higher residue production than ‘Columbian’ pea and ‘Crimson’ lentil cultivars. In 1997, initial residue cover was highest with NT, averaging 74% groundcover across legume cultivars. After winter wheat seeding, residue cover declined for all tillage treatments, but was still highest at 40% residue cover under NT. In 1998, residue cover was lower for all tillage treatments across all cultivars than in 1997, but NT still had the highest initial residue cover. Wheat yield was not affected by tillage or previous crop treatments in either year. This study showed that NT and reduced tillage systems can maintain previous crop residue on the surface for soil conservation and subsequent crop yields.     

沼气肥养分物质和重金属含量差异及安全农用分析

对山西省高平市不同沼气肥有机质、养分和重金属含量进行比较分析,结果表明:沼气肥的p H值均呈碱性。鸡粪沼液中有机质、全N、P、K含量均高于猪粪沼液,秸秆沼液中有机质和全K含量高于鸡粪和猪粪沼液。沼渣富含有机质,且秸秆沼渣有机质含量均高于猪粪沼渣。猪粪沼渣全N含量高于全P和全K,而秸秆沼渣全K含量高于全N和全P;两类沼渣中有效P含量占全P的比重最大。3种沼液的中、微量元素均以Cl含量最高,且超过农田灌溉水质标准(GB5084-2005);Ca和Mg含量次之,Cu含量最低。6个沼渣的中、微量元素均以Ca、Fe含量较高;3个猪粪沼渣均以Cl含量较少,而3个秸秆沼渣均以Mn、Cu含量较低。1号猪粪沼渣As含量超过有机肥料标准(NY525-2012)。由此可见,部分沼液和沼渣可能存在有害物质过高的问题,从而影响其农用的价值和效果,存在潜在的生态环境风险。同时,应加强相关标准的制定和完善,以确保沼气肥的安全、高效农业利用。     

我国农田生态系统碳蓄积及其变化特征研究

对我国近20年来农田生态系统C蓄积的时空变化特征进行估算分析结果表明,我国农田生态系统近20年来C蓄积总量持续增大,主要是由于单位面积C密度持续增大。农田C密度高值区主要分布在我国东部地区且多>3t/hm2,低值区主要分布在我国北方农牧交错带地区且普遍<1t/hm2。而科学管理作物残余物是增强农田生态系统C蓄积能力的关键。     

甜椒中螺虫乙酯主要代谢产物及残留量膳食摄入评估

为了研究甜椒中螺虫乙酯主要代谢物的转化情况、施药措施与残留量的相关性,以及残留量膳食摄入评估,利用建立的螺虫乙酯及其4个主要代谢物的高效液相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱法,对施用过螺虫乙酯的甜椒样品进行检测分析及膳食摄入评估。结果表明,甜椒中螺虫乙酯及其4个主要代谢物的平均回收率为89%~107%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~4.0%,最低检测质量分数均为0.01 mg·kg^-1。甜椒中螺虫乙酯风险评估定义残留量(w,后同)为0.05~0.91 mg·kg^-1,监测定义残留量为0.02~0.79 mg·kg^-1。甜椒中螺虫乙酯主要代谢物为酮基-羟基、烯醇-葡萄糖苷、烯醇。螺虫乙酯及其代谢物在甜椒中的残留量与施药次数和施药剂量呈正相关,与采收间隔期呈负相关。螺虫乙酯普通人群的国家估计每日摄入量是0.207 mg,占日允许摄入量的6.56%左右。按试验的施药剂量、施药次数和采收间隔期进行施药,认为对一般人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险。     

板蓝根药渣生物有机肥对瓜蒌产量和品质的影响

以瓜蒌为试材,通过观察不同施肥处理T1(板蓝根药渣)、T2(板蓝根药渣+牛粪1∶3)、T3(板蓝根药渣+牛粪1∶1)、T4(板蓝根药渣+0.5%EM复合微生物菌剂)、T5(复合肥料)对瓜蒌的鲜果质量、干果质量、直径、果皮厚度、果皮干质量、千粒质量、产量、总灰分、浸出物含量、黄酮含量、3,29-二苯甲酰基栝楼仁三醇(3,29-DR)含量的影响,评价不同板蓝根药渣生物有机肥对瓜蒌生长发育、产量及质量的影响,以期为瓜蒌的田间施肥提供参考依据。结果表明:与对照组比较,T4处理可显著提高瓜蒌的鲜果质量、干果质量、千粒质量、产量、黄酮含量、3,29-DR含量,差异具有显著性(P<0.05);对于直径、果皮厚度、果皮干质量,4种板蓝根药渣处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。可见T4处理(板蓝根药渣+0.5%EM复合微生物菌剂)为最优施肥处理,该条件下瓜蒌的综合性状最佳,瓜蒌的农艺性状、经济性状、质量均较好。