水稻二化螟性诱测报与防治技术研究

为了研究二化螟诱剂的诱蛾能力与测报效果,进行二化螟性诱剂与灯光诱捕的测报对比试验.结果表明:二化螟性诱剂具有较强的诱蛾能力,其诱娥量高于灯光诱捕的诱蛾量,且受环境影响较小,诱测结果能够反映出二化螟当年发生的实际情况;二化螟性诱剂防治示范试验表明,性诱剂对二化螟有较好防治效果,可作为绿色防控的有效手段之一.     

石榴园病原根结线虫诱集植物的筛选

为筛选石榴园内对病原根结线虫诱集能力较好的诱集植物,在感病石榴园内分别比较了分区和混合种植的不同寄主植物(番茄、黄瓜、茄子、菠菜和辣椒)对病原根结线虫的诱集效果。结果显示,分区种植和混合种植寄主植物对根结线虫的诱集效果一致,不同寄主植物之间诱集能力存在显著差异。无论分区种植还是混合种植,黄瓜和番茄的根结百分率均较高,分区种植时黄瓜、番茄的根结百分率分别为35.2%、14.5%,混合种植时黄瓜、番茄的根结百分率分别为40.0%、15.3%,其中黄瓜的根结百分率显著高于其他4种植物;番茄和黄瓜根际土壤中的二龄幼虫数显著高于茄子、菠菜和辣椒,根中的雌成虫数和卵块数也均显著高于其他3种植物。说明在石榴园内种植的番茄和黄瓜对石榴病原根结线虫的诱集能力显著强于茄子、菠菜和辣椒。     

实蝇营养诱剂对苦瓜实蝇类害虫的诱杀效果

实蝇可危害多种水果和葫芦科蔬菜,造成重要经济损失,生产实践中诱杀是防治实蝇最安全、有效、常用的方法.实蝇营养诱剂实蝇克(含0.05％阿维菌素)对危害苦瓜的实蝇类害虫的诱杀防治试验结果表明,实蝇克以1～20倍清水拌匀置于敞口诱食器,能有效诱集桔小实蝇、瓜实蝇等常见实蝇,其中以桔小实蝇的诱集量最大、约占70％,其次是瓜实蝇、占15％～25％,其他实蝇占5％～15％,对桔小实蝇雌虫的诱集并无明显的性别选择倾向.在实蝇高峰期,实蝇克以1～20倍清水拌匀诱捕实蝇,每隔7d换药1次,连续换药3次,苦瓜果实带虫率可控制在5％以内,保护作用可达80％以上,效果优于或相当于商品化生产使用的物理粘杀剂.     

黄色粘虫板对温室黄瓜烟粉虱成虫的诱集作用和控制效果

【目的】提高黄色粘虫板(黄板)对温室黄瓜烟粉虱成虫的诱集效果。【方法】设置黄板方向、大小、高度和密度不同处理,研究了黄板对烟粉虱成虫诱集量的影响及对烟粉虱成虫种群的控制效果。【结果】黄板方向对诱集量没有显著影响,但是平行作物行垂直悬挂黄板的诱集量稍高于垂直作物行垂直悬挂和水平悬挂黄板的诱集量(分别高28.5%和21.0%)。黄板大小对诱集量有显著影响,25cm×30cm黄板诱集量显著高于15cm×20cm黄板,单位面积诱集量20cm×25cm黄板最高。黄板高度对诱集量也有显著影响,黄瓜冠层和冠层下部15cm处黄板诱集量显著高于冠层上部50cm处的诱集量。黄板对温室内烟粉虱成虫种群具有明显的控制效果,每10m2设置1.5块黄板第5天和第10天的烟粉虱成虫减退率分别为56.0%和83.8%,校正防治效果分别达到71.1%和88.1%。【结论】黄板诱杀可有效控制温室黄瓜烟粉虱成虫种群。     

Improved GC‐MS/MS Method for Determination of Atrazine and Its Chlorinated Metabolites in Forage Plants—Laboratory and Field Experiments

Abstract

Analytical procedures using gas chromatography–ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) were developed to analyze atrazine (ATR) and its dealkylated metabolites in four forage species (switchgrass, tall fescue, smooth bromegrass, and orchardgrass). Atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) were extracted with methanol (CH₃OH) followed by liquid–liquid extraction and partitioning into chloroform, with additional cleanup by C₁₈ solid‐phase extraction (SPE). Through the optimization of ionization conditions and ion storage voltages, the background noise of product ion spectra (MS/MS) was reduced dramatically, providing sub‐µg/kg detection limits. Mean recoveries of ATR, DEA, and DIA were 94.3, 105.6, and 113.1%, respectively. The estimated limit of detection (LOD) was 0.6 µg/kg for ATR, 1.3 µg/kg for DEA, and 0.3 µg/kg for DIA. These LODs were one to two orders of magnitude lower than those reported for other GC‐MS, GC‐MS/MS, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐UV, or HPLC‐MS/MS procedures designed for food‐safety monitoring purposes. To validate the developed method, a field experiment was carried out utilizing three replications of four forage treatments (orchardgrass, tall fescue, smooth bromegrass, and switchgrass). Forage plants were sampled for analyses 25 days after atrazine application. DEA concentrations in C3 grasses ranged from 47 to 96 µg/kg, about 10‐fold higher than in switchgrass, a C4 species. The ATR and DIA concentrations were similar, ranging from 1.5 to 13.2 µg/kg. The developed method provided sufficient sensitivity to determine the fate of ATR and its chlorinated metabolites via plant uptake from soil or dealkylation within living forage grasses. It also represented significant improvements in sensitivity compared to previous GC methods.     

库尔勒地区香梨茎蜂发生动态及黄板控害效果

为明确库尔勒市及其周边果园香梨茎蜂的发生规律和为害情况及黄色粘虫板的诱杀效果,于2020年香梨茎蜂成虫活动期,利用黄色粘虫板按五点取样法定期调查成虫诱捕数量,分析其当年发生动态;并于香梨茎蜂活动期之后采用五点取样法分别调查未悬挂黄板果园与悬挂黄板果园的香梨茎蜂为害率,对比分析黄色粘虫板对香梨茎蜂为害的防控效果。经调查,香梨茎蜂主要在梨树花期前后为害,在4月中旬达到发生高峰期,成虫活动时间为19天（4月6—24日）,主要通过雌成虫产卵行为为害新梢,在未挂黄板果园平均为害率为29.13%,悬挂黄板的香梨园平均为害率为13.60%,相较于未挂黄板的对照香梨园为害减少率为52.41%。香梨茎蜂成虫出枝活动期是防虫控害的关键时期,悬挂黄色粘虫板对香梨茎蜂的为害有明显的防控效果。建议当地4月在香梨园中大面积使用黄色粘虫板诱杀成虫,减少香梨茎蜂的为害。     

Elucidation of the sex pheromone system of the potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera,Gelechiidae): a short review

Summary Recent research, reviewed here, of the pheromone system of the potato tuberworm moth has led to the isolation, identification, and synthesis of its components.trans-4,cis-7-tridecadien-l-ol acetate (PTM 1) andtrans-4,cis-7,cis-10-tridecatrien-l-ol acetate (PTM 2), mixtures of which are much more attractive in the field than 2 virgin female moths or each compound on its own.     

中国农民陷入温饱陷阱的原因与出路——破解“三农”问题的一种视角

刚刚跳出贫困陷阱不久的中国农民又陷入温饱陷阱,温饱生活水平成为较长时期内农村资源配置的一种均衡状态。其原因是:人地关系紧张,农村就业不充分,我国将长期维持小农经济状态,农村长期淤积大量剩余劳动力。跳出温饱陷阱的出路在于农村经济结构调整,加快农村的产业结构、就业结构和收入结构由农业为主向非农业为主转变。一个可行的方案是从宏观发展战略层面大力发展中小企业。     

草地蝗虫悬浮速度的研究

在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟镶黄旗蝗灾发生区,采集了严重危害草原的4龄期、5龄期及成虫的亚洲小车蝗,分别对它们的活体、死体的悬浮速度进行了测定,为草地蝗虫吸捕机的设计与改进提供了理论依据。     

草地蝗虫吸捕机的发展及新式吸嘴的设计

草地蝗虫吸捕机采用直吸式吸嘴,吸捕率低。在对原直吸式吸嘴、特别是在对吹吸气流进行理论分析的基础上,结合蝗虫在吸捕时的跳跃躲避特性以及对蝗虫悬浮速度的试验测定,设计了吹吸式吸嘴。并对吹吸式吸嘴与直吸式吸嘴进行了对比试验。结果表明:吹吸式吸嘴可将吸口气流速度从原来直吸的20 m/s降低为14 m/s,可减轻后续设备的负荷;与具有相同吸口气流速度的直吸式吸嘴相比,吸吸式吸嘴轴向、径向吸捕距离分别延长0.5~1倍,负压吸捕区增大1~2倍,能够对更大范围的蝗虫进行有效吸捕,提高吸捕率。