农村有机生活垃圾和秸秆快速好氧发酵技术参数研究

近年来,中国农村有机生活垃圾和农作物秸秆废弃资源引发的环境问题日益严重,在现有农业废弃物资源化利用技术中,好氧发酵堆肥技术由于运行成本低、操作简便成为农村有机生活垃圾和秸秆的首选处理技术.该文通过正交试验方法分析通风量、含水率和碳氮比3因素对快速好氧发酵效果的影响.结果表明:通风量是首要影响因素,其次是含水率和碳氮比;适宜的通风量参数为0.148～0.173 m3/d,含水率为60%,C/N为25:1.本研究将为开展北方寒冷地区冬季好氧发酵设施增温保温技术研究提供理论依据.     

不同生长期小麦茎秆力学性质与形态特性的相关性（简报）

为了研究小麦茎秆生物力学性质指标与小麦优种特性的相关性,以正在优种选育过程中的4个北方小麦品种为研究对象,试验测定了开花期、乳熟期及蜡熟期茎秆基部第二节间的惯性矩、拉伸强度、弯曲强度、剪切强度、弹性模量、抗弯刚度等生物力学指标及小麦形态、生理特性指标值;应用SAS软件进行相关性分析,筛选出了开花期主要生物力学评价指标为弯曲强度,乳熟期为抗弯刚度.并且确定了与相应生物力学相关度较大的形态、生理特性指标,开花期为:外径、茎秆干质量、株高、节间距、含水率、壁厚、穗质量;乳熟期为穗质量、外径、株高、叶鞘高、茎秆干质量.并且随着生长期的不同,相关度也不同,尤其是与含水率的相关度逐渐减小.该研究为建立生物力学指标评价体系提供了选择依据.     

Resistance Evaluation of Some Commonly Used Maize Germplasm Resources to Fusarium Diseases in China

【Objective】 Maize ear rot, stalk rot and sheath rot are the three common Fusarium diseases in maize producing areas in China, and there is a trend of serious mixing occurrence in recent years. The main pathogens of the three major diseases are F. verticillioides, F. graminearum and F. proliferatum. Planting resistant varieties is the most economical and effective method to control this kind of diseases. The objective of this study is to screen out the maize resistant germplasms to ear rot, stalk rot and sheath rot, and to provide references for scientific breeding and rational layout of maize varieties.【Method】 Sixteen common inbred lines of maize including B73, B37, Zheng 58, Chang 7-2, Qi 319 and so on were selected to inoculate F. verticillioides, F. graminearum, and F. proliferatum on maize ears, stalks and sheaths, respectively. The suspension spores of F. verticillioides were injected into healthy maize ears along the filament channel with a continuous syringe at silk stage. The stem of the first aboveground segment of healthy maize was pinned and then injected with the suspension spores of F. graminearum. The suspension spores of F. proliferatum were injected into the sheath of the aboveground 2-5 internodes along the base of healthy maize sheath. Sterile water was used as control. In 2016 and 2018, experiments were conducted in fields to evaluate the disease index of ear rot, sheath rot and the lesion areas of stalk rot, so as to evaluate the resistance level to the ear rot, stalk rot and sheath rot.【Result】 The tested inbred lines Ji 853, OH43 and X178 were moderate resistance to ear rot, 13 of the tested inbred lines such as B73, B37, PH6WC, Ye 478, Zheng 58, 9058, Chang 7-2, Xun 928, Mo17, A619, PH4CV, Qi 319 and 13-1077 were sensitivity or high sensitivity to ear rot; 8 of the tested inbred lines including Qi 319, PH4CV, Mo17, 9058, B37, B73, Chang 7-2 and 13-1077 were moderate resistance and high resistance to stalk rot, 7 of the tested inbred lines such as Zheng 58, Ye 478, PH6WC, Xun 928, Ji 853, A619 and OH43 were sensitivity or high sensitivity to stalk rot; 15 of the tested inbred lines such as B73, B37, Zheng 58, Ye 478, PH6WC, 9058, Chang 7-2, Ji 853, Xun 928, Mo17, A619, PH4CV, OH43, Qi 319 and 13-1077 were moderate resistance or resistance to sheath rot. According to the population of 16 inbred lines, Reid group was susceptible to ear rot. Lancaster group and Tangsipingtou group were resistant to sheath rot. The resistant levels of other groups to Fusarium diseases dispersed to a large extent, and there was no obvious regularity.【Conclusion】 The tested inbred lines Ji 853 and OH43 showed moderate resistance or resistance to sheath rot and ear rot, 8 of the tested inbred lines including Qi 319, PH4CV, Mo17, 9058, B37, B73, Chang 7-2 and 13-1077 showed moderate resistance, resistance or high resistance to sheath rot and stalk rot, but the materials with good resistance to all three diseases had not yet been screened, and other germplasm resources needed to be further screened.     

油菜薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷组分及含量分析

采用超高效液相色谱（UPLC）法，对30 个油菜品种薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷（glucosinolate，简称硫苷）的组分及含量进行测定。结果表明：30 个油菜品种的总硫苷含量变异范围较大，在21.67～119.29 μmol·g^-1 之间；大多数油菜品种蕾中的硫苷含量高于薹，蕾中硫苷含量均值为37.26 μmol·g^-1，薹中为28.06 μmol·g^-1；薹和蕾中的硫苷组分相似，均以4- 戊烯基硫苷和2- 羟基-3- 丁烯基硫苷为主要成分，两者在薹和蕾中的含量分别占总硫苷含量的46.24%、28.52% 和45.19%、29.13%。进一步分析高、中、低硫苷含量油菜品种的硫苷组分及含量，结果表明油菜不同品种间硫苷含量的差异主要是由4- 戊烯基硫苷引起的。     

不同施氮量对半干旱区还田玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放特征的影响

为了揭示还田玉米秸秆在不同施氮水平下的腐解及养分释放特征,在马铃薯田间定位试验中,设置了6个不同施氮水平(T1:0 kg·hm~(-2);T2:75 kg·hm~(-2);T3:150 kg·hm~(-2);T4:225 kg·hm~(-2);T5:300 kg·hm~(-2); T6:375 kg·hm~(-2)),研究其对还田玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放特征的影响。研究表明:还田玉米秸秆的腐解主要发生在前90 d,在此期间玉米秸秆腐解较快,T1～T6处理的玉米秸秆腐解率分别为37.3%、40.3%、44.8%、45.0%、50.8%、48.4%,以T5处理为最高,处理间差异显著(P0.05);同时,T1～T6处理的玉米秸秆碳、氮释放率分别为48.2%～56.6%、33.8%～44.4%,T5处理下秸秆的碳、氮释放率均显著高于其他处理(P0.05),而秸秆磷、钾的释放率分别为43.1%～49.2%、90.5%～93.0%,处理间无显著性差异。还田150 d后,玉米秸秆的腐解率为52.7%～55.8%,养分释放表现为KCPN。综上所述,连续施氮可以显著促进还田玉米秸秆前期的腐解及碳氮的释放,但对磷钾的释放无明显影响,当施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)时还田玉米秸秆的腐解效果最好。     

秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对砂性土壤性质及滴灌玉米生长的影响

为探究秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对宁夏扬黄灌区土壤改良和玉米增产的效应,在秸秆还田条件下施用3种不同腐熟剂[生物秸秆速腐剂(SR+BS)、EM菌秸秆腐熟剂(SR+RJ)、有机废物发酵菌曲(SR+OW)],以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂处理为对照(CK),研究其对秸秆生物失重率、砂性土壤理化性状和滴灌玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明,3种腐熟剂均能有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,其中SR+RJ的秸秆腐解程度最佳,翻埋130 d后其秸秆生物失重率为49.9%,SR+OW和SR+BS次之,3种处理分别较CK显著提高7.1、5.7、5.2个百分点。SR+RJ对改善0~40 cm土层土壤容重效果最佳,较CK显著降低4.2%,同时显著提高了耕层土壤有机质和速效养分含量及生育中后期土壤贮水量,SR+OW和SR+BS次之。施用秸秆腐熟剂能明显促进玉米生育中后期植株生长,其中SR+RJ最佳。SR+RJ和SR+OW对玉米增产增收效果最明显,分别较CK显著增产26.9%、23.4%,显著增收28.8%、23.4%。可见,秸秆还田配施腐熟剂可有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,改善土壤理化性质,促进玉米生长发育,显著提高作物产量与经济效益,以EM菌秸秆腐熟剂效果最佳。本研究为宁夏扬黄灌区还田后促进秸秆腐熟和砂性土壤培肥及玉米高产提供了技术参考。     

Ocular anomalies and holoprosencephaly in a lamb

The brain and eyes from a 1-day-old, male mixed-breed lamb with bilateral microphthalmia were examined. Bilateral ventral colobomata of choroid, sclera, retina and optic nerve were accompanied by agenesis of the optic nerve, and dilated lateral and third ventricular cavities that communicated with the subarachnoid space. Abundant neuroretinal tissue extending through the colobomatous defect to retro-orbital connective tissue, the meningeal surface and ventricular system were identified by histologic examination. Positive immunolabeling of these structures for recoverin (a photoreceptor marker) established the retinal origin of ectopic structures. The optic nerve was replaced by a short fibrous stalk containing glial nests. Sections of brainstem revealed extensive architectural disorganization. A developmental abnormality resulting from defective optic nerve and retina compartmentalization, accompanied by abnormalities of midline development consistent with the holoprosencephaly syndrome, was diagnosed. These lesions are consistent with signaling defects in the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Genetic and toxic causes of sonic hedgehog signaling defects are discussed.     

玉米茎秆汁液对黄土坡面产沙速率的影响及原因分析

利用人工模拟降雨试验研究了玉米茎秆汁液对黄土坡面产沙速率的影响及其原因。试验设计了4种不同的土样处理方式（control、添加25%浓度的汁液、添加50%浓度的汁液、添加25%浓度汁液经过一个冬季的冻融降解）在4种不同雨强（25,50,75,100 mm/h）下对产沙速率的影响,分析了4种不同处理后土样的土壤团聚体、有机质跟产沙速率的关系。结果表明:（1）添加玉米茎秆汁液对产沙速率是有明显的抑制作用的,玉米茎秆汁液通过增加土壤中 > 0.25 mm的团聚体和有机质实现减沙作用的。（2）4种处理后的土样中 > 5 mm的土壤团聚体和有机质是显著线性相关的,通过了0.01的显著性水平。在各种试验雨强（25,50,75,100 mm/h）下的产沙速率与 > 0.25 mm的土壤团聚体、有机质都具有显著线性负相关关系,通过了0.01的显著性检验。     

不同填料原料对微生物异位发酵床处理生猪养殖废弃物效果的影响

以微生物异位发酵床填料为研究对象,研究了不同原料填料对生猪养殖废弃物的处理效果,分析了在相同条件下玉米秸秆填料与稻壳和椰壳粉混合物填料在温度、pH、含水量、微生物数量和营养成分变化上的差异。结果表明,稻壳和椰壳粉混合物更容易控制温度的变化,发酵床温度保持在25~54℃,并且其pH变化范围较小,为7.6~8.9,更接近好氧发酵的最适pH值范围。稻壳和椰壳粉混合物填料处理含水量稍低于玉米秸秆填料处理,维持在44%~64%之间。试验结束时,两个处理发酵床填料的pH、TN、TP、TK和有机质等指标均符合国家有机肥标准。     

玉米穗茎兼收割台切碎装置参数优化

针对玉米穗茎兼收割台的需求,设计了一种横置滚筒式茎秆切碎装置,并对其切碎性能及割台摘穗性能进行了试验研究。通过对切碎装置工作原理的分析,确定在拉茎速度与切碎滚筒转速比值一定的条件下,以机器作业速度、动刀切割前角、切碎滚筒转速为自变量,以玉米果穗损失率、籽粒破碎率、籽粒损失率、茎秆平均切段长度和几何标准差为试验指标,利用Box-Benhnken Design中心组合试验设计原理,进行了3因素3水平正交旋转组合田间试验,利用Design-Expert软件对试验结果进行了响应面分析和回归分析,得到试验指标与试验因素间的数学模型。试验结果表明：机器作业速度和切碎滚筒转速与5个试验指标有二次非线性关系,动刀切割前角仅与茎秆平均切段长度、几何标准差有二次非线性关系,因素的交互项中仅机器作业速度与切碎滚筒转速的交互项对籽粒破碎率、茎秆平均切段长度有显著影响。对切碎滚筒转速进行圆整,得到最优参数组合为：机器作业速度为1.35m/s,动刀切割前角为52°,切碎滚筒转速为1350r/min,此时果穗损失率为1.1%,籽粒破碎率为0.23%、籽粒损失率为0.74%、茎秆平均切段长度为30.73mm、几何标准差为1.28。与田间试验结果对比可知,回归模型有很好的可靠性。将最优组合试验结果与优化前的参数组合（机器作业速度为1.11m/s,动刀切割前角为53°,切碎滚筒转速为1657r/min）得到的结果进行比较可知：优化后较优化前果穗损失率降低0.4%,籽粒破碎率降低0.784%,籽粒损失率降低1.318%,茎秆平均切段长度缩短12.20mm,几何标准差减少0.34。优化后试验指标低于标准规定的指标值,满足设计要求。