作物茎秆生物力学性质与形态特性相关性研究

为了应用生物力学性质指标对茎秆作物进行评价,进而指导作物优种筛选和选育,该文以北方优种选育的高粱、玉米、大豆、谷子等作物为研究对象,试验测试了作物的株高、节间距、含水率、茎秆干质量等形态特性指标,和茎秆各节间的弯曲强度、弹性模量、抗弯刚度、惯性矩等生物力学性质指标,并从宏观力学层面分析了生物力学性质指标沿高度的变化趋势,针对各生物力学性质指标及试验结果进行了力学机理分析,利用SAS分析软件对形态特性指标与生物力学性质指标进行了相关性分析.结果表明:不同作物形态指标与茎秆生物力学性质指标相关度不同,形态指标多数都与弯曲强度或弹性模量相关,并在此基础上确定了与力学指标相关度较大的形态特性指标.为应用生物力学方法评价作物抗倒伏及茎秆优势性状等优种特性奠定了基础.     

不同产量水平下小麦倒伏与茎秆力学特性的关系

为探讨晋中晚熟冬麦区高产与倒伏的矛盾,研究小麦基部茎节形态结构与抗倒力学的关系,该文采用SAN-CMT6104微机控制电子万能材料测试仪,对大田不同产量水平及倒伏程度下的小麦基部第2茎节进行了弯折力、惯性矩、弹性模量、抗弯刚度和弯曲强度等生物力学指标的测定。结果表明：不同产量水平随基本苗的过量增加,拔节期最高分蘖峰值的增加,群体倒伏时间提早,面积加大。虽然成穗数差异不大,但穗粒数降低,特别是千粒质量明显降低,产量递减。表明受该地区自然条件与种植制度的制约,合理的基本苗（450万/hm2左右）,通过返青后适期适量的水肥调控,保持稳健的最高分蘖数是关系高产不倒的两个重要的群体临界指标。研究明确了倒伏与基部第2茎节形态结构、株高、节间距与力学指标弯折力、惯性矩、弹性模量、抗弯刚度、弯曲强度都呈负相关。而茎秆干质量、茎秆外径、壁厚与弯折力、惯性矩、弹性模量、抗弯刚度、弯曲强度都呈正相关。说明随着基本苗的过量增加与拔节最高茎蘖数的增加,基部茎秆力学负荷降低,就会发生倒伏。研究筛选出与茎节抗倒、群体质量、植株形态结构以及产量结构关系密切的两个力学指标,即“弯曲强度”与“弹性模量”,可作为抗倒育种或株型育种以及高产群体架构设计的参考指标。     

茎秆作物抗倒伏生物力学评价研究及关联分析

研究茎秆作物的生物力学性质可为相关作物机械化生产及产品深加工等作业装备提供设计参数，还能对茎秆作物优种筛选进行评价指标。该文在高秆、中秆和矮秆3个品种，4个不同生长期的小麦茎秆弯折性能试验，2个玉米品种灌浆高峰期弯折性能试验，2个高粱品种灌浆高峰期弯折性能试验，2个大豆品种结荚鼓粒期弯折性能试验数据的基础上，进行了茎秆作物抗倒伏特性的生物力学评价指标研究及关联分析。采用灰色关联法分析了不同生长期惯性矩、弹性模量、抗弯刚度、抗弯强度等与弯折性能有关的各生物力学指标与抗倒性之间的关系，并以小麦茎秆为例对评价指标进行了权重数确定和检验。结果表明：茎秆作物不同品种茎秆生物力学性能指标中的弹性模量、抗弯折强度和惯性矩对倒伏的影响程度基本相当，抗弯刚度对倒伏影响较小。该结论为茎秆作物生物力学评价提供了新的途径和方法。     

磷钾肥配施对小麦茎秆力学特性的影响

为了对小麦精准施肥,提高小麦的抗倒伏能力,该文以郑麦9023为研究对象,磷钾肥配施共6个处理,分别在小麦拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期、灌浆期、成熟期等5个生长期,利用非金属材料万能试验机,对去鞘茎秆作3点弯曲试验,测试茎秆基部第2节间的弯曲强度和抗弯刚度。分析结果表明：施用钾肥,可显著提高茎秆基部第2节间的弯曲强度和抗弯刚度。研究结果可为小麦的高产栽培、抗倒伏研究提供参考依据。     

DCPTA和ETH复配剂对玉米茎秆力学特性及籽粒产量的影响

为探究植物生长调节剂对玉米茎秆力学特性的影响以及与产量的关系,以东农253为试材,在玉米9叶期喷施2种外源物质:玉黄金、自配的DCPTA和ETH复配剂(代号KP),以喷施清水为对照(CK)。喷施处理后,分别在玉米抽雄前10 d、抽雄期、灌浆初期、乳熟期和完熟期取其茎秆研究力学特性,并在收获期测产。结果表明,与CK相比,喷施KP和玉黄金后,株高分别下降8.87%和6.65%,穗位高分别下降17.79%和4.04%,扁率最高下降45.86%和15.86%;茎秆横折强度、穿刺强度、单位节间长度干物重、节间横截面积及皮厚最高分别提高150.17%、103.56%、215.79%、85.03%、110.48%和115.46%、56.44%、53.33%、76.19%、27.41%。收获期玉黄金处理下籽粒水分含量较CK显著下降4.97%。KP和玉黄金处理下的产量较CK增加9.23%和5.78%。相关性分析表明,植物生长复配剂处理后茎秆的皮厚、穿刺强度、横折强度、横截面积、单位节间长度干物重和田间致倒伏推力与产量呈正相关;株高、穗位高和扁率与产量呈负相关。由此可见,植物生长复配剂可以提高玉米茎秆强度以及籽粒产量。本研究结果为黑龙江玉米化控高效栽培提供了理论依据。     

种植密度对川中丘陵夏玉米茎秆性状及产量的影响

以玉米品种‘正红505’为材料,设置4.50万株·hm~(-2)、5.25万株·hm~(-2)、6.00万株·hm~(-2)、6.75万株·hm~(-2)、7.50万株·hm~(-2) 5个密度处理,研究种植密度对川中丘陵夏玉米茎秆性状及产量的影响。结果表明:随种植密度的增加,株高、穗位高、节间长、茎节长粗比逐渐增加,茎粗、茎粗系数、节间干重、单位茎长干物质重、茎秆压碎强度和外皮穿刺强度逐渐减小,除穗位高外,其余各性状均存在显著性差异;其中,当种植密度增加到7.50万株·hm~(-2)时,第1、3、5茎节的外皮穿刺强度分别较4.50万株·hm~(-2)显著降低27.10%、22.78%和30.80%。在本试验设置的密度范围内,玉米产量随密度的增加而先增后减,在6.00万株·hm~(-2)处获得最大值,与4.50万株·hm~(-2)相比,6.00万株·hm~(-2)显著增产12.02%。随种植密度增加,玉米穗长、穗粗、成穗率、穗粒数和千粒重显著降低,有效穗数和秃尖长显著增加。相关分析表明,茎秆压碎强度与外皮穿刺强度呈极显著正相关(r=0.93**),且茎秆压碎强度和外皮穿刺强度分别与茎粗、茎粗系数、节间粗、节间干重和单位茎长干物质重呈显著或极显著正相关,而与株高、节间长和茎节长粗比呈负相关或极显著负相关。其中,茎秆农艺性状与茎秆压碎强度的相关性更好。单株产量与茎粗、茎粗系数、节间粗、节间干重、单位茎长干物质重、茎秆压碎强度和外皮穿刺强度呈显著或极显著正相关,与节间长和茎节长粗比呈显著负相关。逐步回归分析表明,茎粗系数和单位茎长干物质重对茎秆压碎强度的影响最大。综上所述,种植密度是影响玉米茎秆性状和产量的重要因素,适当增加种植密度可以显著增加玉米群体产量,茎粗系数和单位茎长干物质重可以作为评价玉米茎秆抗倒伏能力的重要农艺指标。     

垄作稻-鱼-鸡共生对水稻茎秆倒伏、穗部性状及产量的影响

为了探究水稻垄作栽培和稻-鱼-鸡共生模式的结合对水稻茎秆倒伏、穗部性状及产量的影响,本文通过设计常规水稻垄作栽培(CK)、水稻垄作养鱼(RF)、水稻垄作养鸡(RC)和水稻垄作养鸡养鱼(RFC)的田间对比试验,研究垄作稻-鱼-鸡共生模式下水稻茎秆倒伏、穗部性状和实际产量的变化。结果表明:2年中4个处理的水稻株高、株鲜重、重心高度和节间长的均值整体无显著性差异。与CK处理相比, RFC和RC处理水稻茎秆节间外径、节间壁厚、穗长和穗鲜重虽呈增加趋势,但均值整体也无显著性差异;水稻产量也保持稳定。RF处理水稻茎秆节间外径、壁厚、穗长和穗鲜重均呈降低趋势,且2019年穗鲜重达显著降低(P0.05);水稻产量2年平均降低为29.98%(P0.05),其余均值整体无显著性差异。2年中RFC和RC较CK处理水稻节间茎秆抗折力平均增加19.69%和8.10%,且2年中RFC的第4和第5节间茎秆抗折力显著增加(P0.05);而RF处理茎秆抗弯截面模量和抗折力整体均呈降低趋势,但均值整体变化不显著。RFC和RC较CK处理水稻茎秆节间最大应力均值降低为17.85%和15.08%,倒伏指数均值降低为4.35%和4.26%,但未达显著水平;RF处理茎秆节间倒伏指数平均增加11.47%,且2018年第3和2019年第2～5节间均达显著性差异(P0.05)。综上所述,垄作稻-鱼-鸡共生和垄作稻-鸡共生模式能够提高水稻穗长和穗鲜重,稳定水稻产量,增加水稻茎秆节间外径和壁厚,提高茎秆抗折力和抗弯截面模量,降低茎秆最大应力和倒伏指数,从而具有一定的壮秆效应和抗倒伏能力。     

四川玉米生理成熟后抗倒性能变化及其影响因素

玉米茎秆强度下降是造成生理成熟后玉米倒伏的重要因素。为明确玉米生理成熟后茎秆强度变化及影响因素,本试验以玉米品种‘正红6号’为材料,设置不同密度处理,通过研究其生理成熟后茎秆强度、单位长度干重、含水率等变化规律,分析影响生理成熟后茎秆强度的关键因素,为机械粒收技术推广提供科学指导。结果表明,玉米生理成熟后节间茎秆强度逐渐下降,随着时间推移,降低幅度逐渐减小;生理成熟后玉米茎秆单位长度干重、含水率逐渐降低,节间长粗比略有增加。不同密度间茎秆强度差异显著,生理成熟后茎秆强度下降幅度不同,在4.5万～10.5万株·hm~(-2)密度范围内,随着密度增加,茎秆强度下降幅度呈降低趋势,低密度茎秆强度下降幅度大于高密度处理。种植密度增加导致玉米茎秆单位长度干重显著降低,节间长粗比显著增加。本研究发现玉米生理成熟后茎秆单位长度干重降低是茎秆强度降低的主要原因;种植密度增加显著降低了茎秆强度,同时随着站秆时间的延长,茎秆强度进一步降低,增加了玉米倒伏风险。因此,合理密植、适期收获能降低因生理成熟后站秆能力下降而导致倒伏的风险。     

基于核磁共振技术检测小麦植株水分分布和变化规律

为研究活体冬小麦植株水分的分布状况和连续变化过程,该研究利用核磁共振无损、非侵入的技术优势,分析了小麦各器官T2弛豫谱特征及其反映的代谢特性,分别推求出小麦叶片、茎秆和穗的信号幅值与被检测器官纯水含量以及鲜质量的回归函数关系,在此基础上建立了测量活体冬小麦植株各器官湿基含水率的检测方法。对活体植株各器官湿基含水率核磁共振检测方法的可靠性验证表明,由核磁共振法和烘干法测定的小麦叶片、茎秆和穗的湿基含水率均方根误差分别为：5.3%、3.5%、3.3%。然后将该检测方法用于监测同一株冬小麦各器官湿基含水率的长期变化和日变化过程,结果显示,乳熟期至成熟期,小麦各个器官的湿基含水率均逐渐减小,而叶片湿基含水率的日变化则呈现先减小后增大的趋势。乳熟期叶片的湿基含水率由8:00逐渐减少,且在14:00－16:00达到最低值后开始恢复,于20:00恢复至当日初始水平。成熟期叶片湿基含水率由8:00逐渐减少,但在20:00不能恢复至日内的初始水平。由于这套基于核磁共振技术的小麦湿基含水率检测方法能够对同一植株进行活体无损连续监测,因此该研究的结果能够更直接更准确地揭示冬小麦植株体内水分的连续变化规律和植株衰老过程,从而为研究冬小麦健康生长耗水规律和制定合理的灌溉制度提供理论基础。     

小麦茎秆抗弯性能研究

该文以小麦茎为研究对象，建立了有限元计算模型。通过非线性屈曲分析，发现通过改变几何或者物理参数能够模拟出小麦茎不同的失稳形式，其中最明显的影响因素为壁厚和横、纵向弹性模量比。以此为参考，对两个生长期的小麦茎进行四点弯曲试验，研究不同节位茎的抗弯能力，曲率与惯性矩之间的关系和失稳模式。研究表明Brazier屈曲是小麦茎失稳的主要原因。从开花期到成熟期茎抗弯刚度下降，发生Brazier屈曲的几率增加。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI