棉籽饼粉脱毒饲料的制备及其应用效果初探

本试验通过制备棉籽饼粉脱毒饲料产品,采用感官鉴定法观察其物理性状,采用国标法测定其棉酚含量,采用凯氏定氮法测定其粗蛋白质含量,并通过肉鸭饲喂试验探讨其在肉鸭饲养过程中的应用效果.结果表明,脱毒后的棉籽饼粉中棉酚残存量不足10 mg/kg,与原始饼粕相比,粗蛋白质含量提高了4.35%,其颜色明显变浅,饼粕质地松软,硬度小,无硬块,无异臭,符合安全标准.经肉鸭饲喂试验发现,与对照组肉鸭相比,用制备的棉籽饼粉脱毒饲料代替常规饲料饲喂肉鸭其生长发育、器官发育、血液指标、饲料中营养成分利用情况均未发现异常,未发现棉酚中毒现象,说明脱毒后的棉籽饼粉饲料中棉酚含量符合饲用安全标准,达到脱毒目的.     

棉花腺体性状基因的遗传与克隆研究进展

摘要：棉酚腺体是棉属植物特有的性状,发掘和利用控制腺体和棉酚合成的基因,对深入阐明棉酚的生物合成机理以及通过基因工程手段培育新型棉花品种具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文综述了近年来棉花棉酚腺体性状基因的遗传与克隆研究的最新进展,并对该研究中存在的问题进行分析和展望。     

棉酚在饲料中安全限量及畜产品中残留研究进展

本文由棉酚对动物毒性及人类健康的影响谈起,综述了棉籽饼粕中游离棉酚水平、饲料中游离棉酚安全限量以及畜禽体内棉酚残留等方面的研究,并提出了一些建议。     

棉籽饼粕生物脱毒的研究进展

根据20多年来棉籽饼粕生物脱毒的研究报道,综述了微生物菌种、固态发酵工艺对脱毒效果的影响,以及脱毒后棉籽饼粕在畜禽饲料中的应用效果,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

混合菌剂固态发酵棉粕脱毒条件的优化

为找到一种脱毒较为彻底且稳定的棉粕脱毒方法,以复合芽孢杆菌为发酵剂,通过添加由木聚糖酶、纤维素酶和甘露聚糖酶组成的复合酶研究其协同微生物固体发酵棉粕脱毒的发酵过程参数。采用单因素试验确定了复合酶协同微生物发酵棉粕脱毒培养基及脱毒条件,在此试验结果的基础上,采用正交试验对发酵脱毒的主要因素进行研究,用SPSS17.0软件分析试验数据。确定了酶法协同微生物固体发酵脱毒工艺条件为：棉粕:麦麸=90:10,(NH4)2SO4 1%,复合酶40 U/g底物,发酵温度40℃,发酵初始pH 6.0,含水量50%,接种量6%（W/V）,装量为70 g/250 mL三角瓶,发酵时间为6天。在此条件下,游离棉酚的去除率达96.52%。     

育肥牛棉酚中毒的诊断与治疗

棉酚中毒是由于长期、过量饲喂含游离棉酚超标的棉副产品,引起的以出血性胃肠炎、血红蛋白尿以及雄性生殖毒性和母畜流产为主要特征的中毒病。新疆是我国的棉花主产区,棉花加工过程中产生了大量的棉籽饼、棉籽粕、棉壳等副产品,这些副产品是优质的动物饲料来源,具有产量多、来源广、价格便宜、适口性好的特点,广泛应用于肉牛和肉羊的育肥。本文通过对育肥牛棉酚中毒的诊断与治疗,重点阐述棉酚中毒的发病机理、治疗手段与预防措施,以期为棉酚中毒的预防治疗及有效脱毒合理饲喂提供一定的参考。     

Effect of natural free gossypol and gossypol‐acetic acid on growth performance and resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of free gossypol from glanded‐cottonseed meal (G‐CSM) (natural free gossypol) or gossypol‐acetic acid on growth performance, body composition, haematology, immune response and resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Soya bean meal‐based diets supplemented with 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg^?1 free gossypol from G‐CSM or gossypol‐acetic acid were fed to juvenile channel catfish in triplicate aquaria to apparent satiation twice daily for 12 weeks. Neither sources nor levels of dietary gossypol significantly influenced the final weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and survival of channel catfish. Similarly, whole‐body proximate composition, haematological parameters (red blood cell, white blood cell counts, haemoglobin and haematocrit), serum protein concentration, macrophage chemotaxis ratio, phagocytic activity and antibody production against E. ictaluri 21‐day postinfection were not significantly affected at either dietary sources or levels of gossypol. Gossypol concentrations of liver were linearly related to dietary level of gossypol but the retention rate varied dependent on sources of the dietary gossypol. At dietary gossypol levels of 400 or 800 mg kg^?1, total gossypol concentrations in liver of fish fed dietary gossypol from G‐CSM were significantly higher than those of fish fed the corresponding levels of gossypol from gossypol‐acetic acid. The (+)‐isomer of gossypol was predominantly retained in liver regardless of dietary sources of gossypol. The ratio of (+) to (?) gossypol isomers in liver decreased with increasing dietary concentrations of gossypol. Serum lysozyme activity of fish fed dietary gossypol levels of 200 mg kg^?1 or higher, either from G‐CSM or gossypol‐acetic acid, was significantly higher than that of the control. At a level of 800 mg kg^?1 diet, gossypol from G‐CSM stimulated significantly higher lysozyme activity than gossypol from gossypol‐acetic acid. Fish fed diets containing 400 mg kg^?1 gossypol or higher from G‐CSM or 800 mg kg^?1 gossypol from gossypol‐acetic acid had significantly increased superoxide anion (O) production. However, neither the sources nor the levels of dietary free gossypol influenced the resistance of juvenile channel catfish to E. ictaluri challenge.     

Effect of expanded cottonseed meal on laying performance,egg quality,concentrations of free gossypol in tissue,serum and egg of laying hens

Three hundred and sixty Hy‐Line Brown hens, 40 week of age, were allocated to five treatments, each of which included four replicates of 18 hens. After an expanded process of cottonseed meal (CSM), free gossypol content in CSM was decreased from 1.24 to 0.40 g/kg. The dietary treatments were corn‐soybean meal based diets including 6% CSM and 6%, 8% and 10% expanded cottonseed meal (ECSM). Hens fed 8% ECSM had higher (P < 0.05) laying rate and average egg weight than those fed 6% CSM. The albumen height and Haugh unit in the control group, 6% and 8% ECSM groups were superior (P < 0.05) to other treatments. Hens fed 6% CSM resulted in severe (P < 0.05) egg yolk discoloration. Free gossypol (FG) concentrations in yolk and albumen and tissues of the 6% CSM group were greater (P < 0.05) than those in any ECSM treatments. Hens fed 6% CSM and 10% ECSM had the highest (P < 0.05) FG concentrations in the liver compared with those in the kidney and muscle, and higher (P < 0.05) FG residues in yolk than those in albumen. In conclusion, FG in CSM can be reduced by 68% through an expanded process and ECSM can be available in laying hens at up to 10% of the total diet and an appropriate replacement of soybean meal with ECSM may improve performance in laying hens.     

Cottonseed Meal Diets Improve Body Weight Uniformity in Broiler Breeder Pullets

Due to its low nutrient density, cottonseed meal (CSM) may be a potential alternative feed ingredient for soybean meal (SBM) in broiler breeder pullet diets to improve flock BW uniformity. A major concern when utilizing CSM in poultry diets, however, is the presence of gossypol. It was determined in an initial experiment that when broiler breeder hens are fed a diet containing CSM, gossypol accumulates in the liver. When CSM is removed from the diet, however, hepatic gossypol levels dissipate within a few weeks. In a subsequent study, in order to achieve the breeder guideline ideal weight, broiler breeder pullets reared with a diet containing CSM from 2 to 18 wk of age had to be fed a larger amount than birds consuming a standard SBM diet. The CV of bird weight was significantly lower during the rearing period for birds reared with the corn and CSM diet. This difference in uniformity was maintained as the hens entered the breeding period. Egg weight, hatchability, and fertility were equivalent for hens reared with a diet containing CSM and those reared with a standard diet throughout the growing period. The results suggest that broiler breeder pullets reared on a diet containing CSM as the major protein source have improved flock BW uniformity and normal subsequent reproductive performance.     

棉酚对多浪羊淋巴细胞凋亡的影响

通过棉酚对多浪羊淋巴细胞的研究,探索棉酚体积分数对淋巴细胞的影响.主要用细胞培养、瑞氏-吉姆萨染色、DNA电泳等方法观察棉酚对多浪羊淋巴细胞的凋亡效应.结果表明:当细胞培养液中棉酚体积分数为0.071mol/L,培养淋巴细胞8h后,可抑制多浪羊淋巴细胞的增殖,并且促进其凋亡.