Mx蛋白研究进展

Mx蛋白是干扰素诱导表达的抗病毒蛋白家族中的成员之一。人、哺乳动物、鱼类、家禽体内都有Mx蛋白。Mx蛋白具有GTP酶活性 ,在其肽链氨基端均包含一个氨基酸序列高度保守的的三联GTP结合区域 ,羧基端存在有亮氨酸拉链区域。人和鼠的Mx蛋白有抗病毒活性。家禽中鸭的Mx蛋白无抗病毒活性 ;鸡的Mx蛋白的抗病毒活性受 6 31位氨基酸的影响 ,当 6 31位氨基酸为天冬酰胺时有抗病毒活性 ,为丝氨酸时则无抗病毒活性。文章最后对禽类Mx蛋白的应用和展望进行了探讨     

脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶酮衍生物的合成与抗病毒活性研究

脱氢枞酸与二氯亚砜反应得到脱氢枞酸酰氯,再与氨基硫脲反应制备脱氢枞基氨基硫脲,脱氢枞基氨基硫脲再与芳香醛和乙酰乙酸乙酯反应,合成了10个脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶酮衍生物,分别为:4-苯基-6-甲基-1-脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2-硫酮(3a)、4-(4-甲氧基苯基)-6-甲基-1-脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2-硫酮(3b)、4-(2-甲氧基苯基)-6-甲基-1-脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2-硫酮(3c)、4-(4-甲基苯基)-6-甲基-1-脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2-硫酮(3d)、4-(4-溴苯基)-6-甲基-1-脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2-硫酮(3e)、4-(4-对三氟甲基苯基)-6-甲基-1-脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2-硫酮(3f)、4-(4-氯苯基)-6-甲基-1-脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2-硫酮(3g)、4-(2,6-二氯苯基)-6-甲基-1-脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2-硫酮(3h)、4-(2-硝基苯基)-6-甲基-1-脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2-硫酮(3i)、4-(3-硝基苯基)-6-甲基-1-脱氢枞酸酰胺基-3,4-二氢嘧啶-2-硫酮(3j)。通过FT-IR、MS、~1H NMR和¹³C NMR表征了目标化合物结构。选取猴胚胎肾细胞MA-104作为受试细胞,测试了化合物3a～3j的细胞毒性;利用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法测试了这些化合物对单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-1)的体外抗病毒活性。数据显示,该系列衍生物的细胞毒性较小,与阳性对照药物利巴韦林相比,化合物3a、3b、3d、3e、3h、3i和3j体现出更小的细胞毒性;化合物3j具有较好的抑制HSV-1活性,半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)0.465 g/L,选择指数(SI)12.18,达到与阳性对照药物利巴韦林相近的抑制活性(IC₅₀为0.156 g/L,SI为12.6),其余样品具有较弱的抑制HSV-1活性。     

百里香酚体外抗伪狂犬病毒活性评价及其作用方式

采用细胞体外培养技术,以BHK-21细胞为研究模型,探讨不同质量浓度的百里香酚在体外抗伪狂犬病毒(PRV)的活性及其作用方式。使用CCK-8法检测百里香酚对BHK-21细胞的最大无害浓度(MNTC),计算得出其半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)为(212.789±1.652)μg·mL^-1,对PRV的半数有效浓度(EC₅₀)为(30.710±0.303)μg·mL^-1,对PRV的治疗指数(TI)为6.929,说明百里香酚属于高效低毒类抗PRV药物。使用CPE观察法检测百里香酚对PRV病毒滴度和病毒一步生长曲线的影响,结果显示,百里香酚能够剂量依赖性显著降低PRV的病毒滴度,并降低PRV在BHK-21中增殖后的毒力。采用荧光定量PCR方法检测不同处理下PRV感染的BHK-21细胞的PRV-gE基因的拷贝量,研究百里香酚体外抗PRV的作用方式,结果显示,百里香酚主要是通过抑制PRV在BHK-21细胞中的增殖来发挥抗病毒活性的,同时能够直接杀灭部分PRV病毒粒子。     

几种药剂对病毒侵染和植物抗病性的影响

用４０μｇ／Ｌ的ＣＴ,ＥＫ,ＥＨ,ＰＡＰ和ＭＡＰ在体外钝化ＣＭＶ１ｈ后接种,枯斑数依次降低达１５．２％,８８．５％,６４％,２８．１％和６１．６％．在接种ＣＭＶ前２４ｈ喷施８０μｇ／Ｌ的ＣＴ,ＥＫ和ＥＨ,预防效果依次为９２．４％,９０％和８２％,将浓度提高到１００μｇ／Ｌ时３种药剂能完全抵抗ＴＭＶ的摩擦接种和ＣＭＶ的３头蚜虫接种。接种ＣＭＶ２４ｈ后分别喷施８０μｇ／Ｌ的ＣＴ,ＥＫ和ＥＨ,病情指数依次为０．０９,０．２９和０．１１;若间隔喷施２次则能使９３．２％,８９．６％和７４．１％的病株恢复正常。     

香菇多糖提取物体外抗IHNV的机制

本研究以虹鳟性腺细胞(rainbow trout gonad cell,RTG)为细胞模型,采用MTT法体外测定香菇多糖提取物的细胞毒性及其对传染性造血器官坏死病毒(IHNV)直接灭活、预防与生物合成的影响,探讨香菇多糖提取物抗IHNV的作用机制。结果显示:香菇多糖提取物对RTG细胞没有毒性作用。浓度为100μg/m L时,香菇多糖提取物对IHNV的直接灭活能力为52.48%,预防效果为50.38%,抑制IHNV生物合成的能力达84.41%。结果表明:香菇多糖提取物具有一定的抗IHNV作用,该作用主要与抑制IHNV在细胞内的生物合成有关。     

Identification of bacteria in the tracheal swabs of farmed ostriches and their effect on the viability of influenza A virus

Avian influenza surveillance is a requirement for commercial trade in ostrich products, but influenza A viruses (IAVs) have proven difficult to isolate from ostrich tracheal swabs that test positive using molecular methods. We hypothesized that microbes unique to the ostrich trachea propagate in the transport medium after sampling and affect viral viability. We cultured tracheal swabs from 50 ostriches on 4 farms in South Africa, and recovered and identified 13 bacterial, 1 yeast, and 2 fungal species. Dietzia sp. had not been identified previously in the oropharyngeal tract of a bird, to our knowledge. The bacteria were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and most aerobic species, except for Streptococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp., were sensitive to enrofloxacin; all were susceptible to sulfonamide. Virus inhibition experiments determined that ostrich-source Streptococcus sp., Pantoea sp., and Citrobacter freundii produced extracellular metabolites that caused a substantial reduction in the IAV titers of 99.9%. Streptomyces, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Arthrobacter gandavensis, Pseudomonas putida, and Acinetobacter spp. similarly reduced the viability of IAV from 77.6% to 24.1%. Dietzia appeared to have no effect, but Rothia dentocariosa, Rhodotorula spp., and Clostridium spp. slightly increased the viability of IAV by 25.9, 34.9, and 58.5%, respectively.     

海洋真菌次级代谢产物在植物保护中的研究与应用

病虫害严重影响我国农业生产，每年造成巨额经济损失，传统化学农药虽然在一定程度上能够减轻这些危害，但其不合理的使用也造成严重的负面影响，亟需开发新型生物农药。海洋真菌生存于独特的海洋环境中，形成了有别于陆生真菌的生存繁殖方式和遗传代谢机制，能够产生许多结构新颖、生物活性显著的次级代谢产物，其中许多化合物具有抗植物病原菌、杀虫和抗病毒等农用生物活性，具有开发成为新型生物农药的巨大潜力。本文综述了2010年以来前人在海洋真菌次级代谢产物农用生物活性方面的研究成果，涵盖了90个化合物，结构类型主要包括聚酮类、萜类、生物碱类和甾体类化合物等，以期为生物农药的开发提供依据。     

Identification and characterization of a TLR13 gene homologue from Laodelphax striatellus involved in the immune response induced by rice stripe virus

Toll-like receptors(TLRs) are the critical superfamily homologues that initiate sensing of the invasion of pathogens by the Toll pathway. As one of several intracellular nucleic acid-sensing TLRs, TLR13 is activated by an unmethylated motif present in the large ribosomal subunit of bacterial RNA. However, little attention has been paid to the function of TLR13 gene homologue from Laodelphax striatellus(designated as LsToll-13) in the immune response to rice stripe virus(RSV). Herein, LsToll-13 was cloned and characterized using RACE-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LsToll-13 was clustered with the TLR13 from six insects. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression level of LsToll-13 was significantly reduced in L. striatellus with RSV infection compared with that in the naive strain. When the expression of LsToll-13 was significantly up-regulated at 6 h after bacterial infection, the expression of ribonucleoprotein(RNP) indicated that the RSV titer in the host insect was significantly suppressed. Upon knockdown of LsToll-13, using RNA interference(RNAi) in L. striatellus, the expression level of RNP was significantly increased with enhanced RSV accumulation, suggesting that LsToll-13 potentially protects L. striatellus from RSV infection. Taken together, our results indicated that LsToll-13 might be involved in the immune response of L. striatellus to RSV infection, and provided a new insight into further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of complex pathogen-host interactions and integrative pest management.     

Herbicides for Nutgrass Control - Conclusions from Ten Years of Testing at Oxford

The present study aimed to evaluate some plant extracts from Plectranthus tenuiflorus, Azadirachta indica, Clerodendrum inerme, Schinus terebinthifolius and Mirabilis jalapa as antiviral materials against Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) in bean plants. The results showed that all the tested plant extracts were effective in reducing the number of local lesions formed by BCMV. The mixing of P. tenuiflorus extracts with BCMV inoculum achieved the highest reduction in BCMV infection (92%), while the mixing of S. terebinthifolius extracts with BCMV inoculum recorded the lowest reduction in BCMV infection (68%). Seed treatment with 1% (w/v) of P. tenuiflorus showed the highest reduction in disease incidence (93% and 85%) under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. Spray treatments of P. tenuiflorus and M. jalapa reduced disease incidence to 12% and 17% under greenhouse conditions, whereas under field conditions they reduced disease incidence to 17% and 23%, respectively. Protein analysis revealed different effects of the tested treatments on bean plants indicating different gene(s) expression. This study suggests the possibility of using plant extracts for controlling BCMV infection.