Ambrosia Artemisfifolia L. Invasive and Allergic Weed Species on the Territory of Novi Sad

During three years lasting studies on the territory of the city of Novi Sad, terrain studies of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. distribution as well as mapping were performed on regulated and disordered green areas and on arable areas. For mapping of ragweed distribution, partially modified method of Braun-Blanquet was used, and data processing was perfomed by specially designed program Ambrosia Spot Marker. Monitoring of this species was also done because of the occurrence of retrovegetation after mowing. During vegetation period, this allergenic weed species was controlled by multiple mowing, and rough ruderal sites outside settlements were treated by glyphosate at a rate of 1.2 kg ha^-1 -2.4 kg ha^-1. The study comprehended also monitoring of pollen concentrations in the air by Rotorod pollen sampler spore collector. A. artemisiifolia L. was established in 21 city zones on over 200 localities, on the banks of the river Danube, in Petrovaradin and Sremski Karlovci. Recommended mechanical measures such as mowing, drilling in the phase of germination, and chemical control measures, resulted in significant reduction ofA. artemisiifolia L. In the second half of the August 2009 the highest number of pollen grains was found in the amount of 783 pollen grains per m3 of air.     

Weed Management in Rice-Wheat Cropping System through Remote Sensing： A Review

The productivity of the flee-wheat rotation of the Indo-Gangetie Plains is critical to India＇s food security. Severe weed competition resulting from the change in morphological characteristics of the modem high yielding varieties （HYV） led to intensive use of herbicides for weed control. Continuous and indiscriminate use of herbicides led to pollution as well as build up of resistant biotypes. This necessitates the need based use of herbicides. Identification of predominant weeds in rice-wheat cropping system through remote sensing and Geographic Information System （GIS） would help in reducing the load of herbicide on agro-eco system by reducing spray volume, application time and non-target spraying. This will help in developing site-specific weed management technique by geating only those areas with herbicide where weed densities exceed the economic threshold and may reduce application rate of herbicides in patches where weed densities are low. This paper reviews the literature on role of remote sensing for weed management not just to review their empirical findings, but to evaluate the role they have played and have the potential to play-in actual for weed management in flee-wheat cropping system （food bowl of India）.     

莠去津的环糊精包合物对稗草幼苗除草效果的影响

以稗草为指示材料,用水培法研究了三嗪类除草剂莠去津的环糊精包合物对稗草幼苗除草活性的影响.试验结果表明:用不同浓度的β-环糊精(β-CD)包合物浸种处理后,能抑制稗草根系发育,达到提高除草效果和缓释的作用.当莠去津与β-CD包合物浓度均为6.5 mg·mL-1时,抑制效果达到最好,对稗草主根长、根鲜重、芽长和芽鲜重的抑...     

河蟹对北方稻田主要杂草选择性的初步研究

研究了在稻田中用网箱养殖的不同规格的中华绒螯蟹Eriocheir sinensis对稻田中4种杂草和水稻的选择性及摄食情况。结果表明：中华绒螯蟹对稻田杂草的摄食存在明显的选择性,对野慈姑Sagittaria trifoliavar.sinensis的摄食量最大,对鸭舌草Monochoria vaginalis和眼子菜Potamogeton franchetii的摄食量相对较少,对稗草Echinochloa crusgalli和水稻的摄食量最差。不同规格的中华绒螯蟹对杂草的摄食率有所不同,20-30 g的中华绒螯蟹对野慈姑的摄食率最高,与其它3种规格的中华绒螯蟹间存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）;30 g以上的中华绒螯蟹对鸭舌草和眼子菜的摄食率均最低,与其它规格的中华绒螯蟹间存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;1-10 g的中华绒螯蟹对稗草和水稻的摄食率最高,与其它规格的中华绒螯蟹间存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）。     

西安市粮食作物田土壤杂草种子库研究

粮食生产具有明显的地域性特征,不同粮食作物、不同耕作制度下的田间杂草种子库差别较大。本文通过土样采集、室内诱萌、田间调查等方法,对西安市72块小麦-玉米轮作制度下的粮食作物田土壤杂草种子库进行分析研究。结果表明：（1）西安市粮食作物田20 cm土层中杂草种子平均为11351.70粒/m2,有活性的杂草种子占3.50%,田间实际发生的杂草占0.51%。（2）不同生态类型粮食作物田杂草种子量差别较大,表现为塬岭区>沿山>平原灌区>河漫滩,平原灌区作为西安市的主要粮食作物田,其土壤杂草种子为11044.44粒/m2,与塬岭区、沿山相比处于较低的水平。（3）在不同土层中,7~14 cm土层的杂草种子量占杂草种子总量的37.04%,略多于0~7 cm和14~20 cm土层的杂草种子量。     

不同耕作方式对农田环境及冬小麦生产的影响

为明确不同耕作方式对农田环境及小麦生产的影响,通过田间定位试验,研究了5种耕作方式对冬小麦田土壤物理特性、杂草、小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,小麦拔节期以前,免耕及覆盖秸秆可显著提高表层土壤含水量,覆盖秸秆处理可显著降低土壤温度;小麦拔节后,作物覆盖度增加,处理间土壤含水量、温度差异减小。与旋耕（RT）相比,小麦收获后,免耕及覆盖秸秆可显著增加0~5 cm表土层容重、降低15~20 cm土层容重,可显著降低麦家公、播娘蒿的发生密度、株高及鲜重,显著增加荠菜的发生密度、株高及鲜重,旋耕秸秆还田（RTS）对荠菜的影响不显著,可降低麦家公、播娘蒿的发生密度,但有使其单株平均株高、鲜重增加的趋势。与RT相比,免耕覆盖秸秆3000 kg/hm2（NTS3000）、免耕不覆盖秸秆（NT）区小麦产量分别增加13.0%、8.3%,RTS、免耕覆盖秸秆6000 kg/hm2（NTS6000）区小麦产量分别降低9.1%和17.4%。NTS3000处理区农田环境有利于作物的生长发育,是较适合黄淮海地区的冬小麦保护性耕作方式。     

天津市麦田杂草群落构成调查及化学防除技术

通过田间调查统计分析主要麦田杂草的出现频率和危害程度,确定了天津市麦田杂草的基本群落及构成品种,并且提出以化学防除技术为主的管理方法。     

新型酰胺类除草剂NC1的除草作用及对水稻的安全性

为了明确新型除草剂NC1的杀草谱、施药时期、使用剂量及对水稻的安全性,采用种子生物测定法测定34.5％ NCI悬浮剂对稗草的生物活性,并与30乡丙草胺乳油进行比较;采用室内整株生物测定法测定34.5％NC1 SC不同时期处理对禾本科杂草的控制作用和对水稻的安全性,并进行田间验证.结果 表明:NC1对稗草种子的生物活性优...     

Organic matter and seed survival of Striga hermonthica – Mechanisms for seed depletion in the soil

Seed survival of Striga hermonthica is influenced by amendments of organic matter; however, the role of organic matter quality (C:N ratio) and mechanisms for enhanced seed decay are inadequately understood. In a field experiment, plots received a single dose of 6 t organic matter per hectare but with large differences in quality in terms of C:N ratio. Soil moisture, soil temperature and soil ethylene concentrations were measured, while buried nylon seed bags were periodically withdrawn from the soil and assayed for seed viability and germination. Organic matter amendments incorporated in the soil significantly depressed S. hermonthica seed survival. The effect was strongest with organic matter of high quality. Organic matter of low-quality enhanced soil water content during the first five days after a rainfall event and resulted in a 0.5 °C lower soil temperature. The highest observed ethylene concentrations in the soil were between 2 and 3 ppm, high enough to stimulate S. hermonthica seed germination. Maximal seed germination in vitro was obtained after 48 h of exposure to 1 ppm ethylene. However, observed changes in seed germination and viability of retrieved seed batches (seed survival) did not correlate with soil ethylene concentrations. The latter in turn did not differ between qualities of the applied organic matter. Seed survival decreased with increasing time of burial, especially after 4–8 weeks. As S. hermonthica attachment mainly occurs during the first four weeks of the cropping season the observed effect of seed decay may hardly be beneficial for the on-going cropping season. Nutrient release through decomposition of organic matter, enhancing decay of S. hermonthica seeds, is proposed as the probable cause of seed depletion in the soil.     

兰州地区胡麻田杂草消长动态及群落生态位研究

采用田间调查和室内测定、相对丰度和生态位计算与分析相结合的方法,对兰州地区胡麻田杂草群落进行了研究。初步明确了兰州地区胡麻田间杂草种类共有11科23种,其中主要科为:禾本科、菊科、藜科、苋科和旋花科;优势种群为:地肤、狗尾草、藜、苣荬菜、稗草和打碗花。同时明确了优势杂草的消长变化规律,即4月中旬为杂草始发期,5月中旬和6月中旬为2个出草高峰期。优势杂草生态位的研究结果表明,地肤的综合生态位宽度值最大,对胡麻的危害最大,其次为狗尾草和藜;地肤与狗尾草的时间生态位重叠值最大,与苣荬菜的水平生态位重叠值最大;而苣荬菜和藜的垂直生态位重叠值最大,它们相互之间利用资源的相似性较高。利用相对丰度和生态位宽度均能确定优势杂草的种类,反映杂草对作物危害程度的大小。