The nutritive quality of sorghum-commonbean tempe

The nutritive quality of sorghum-commonbean (40:60) tempe manufactured byRhizopus oligosporus: Rhizopus oryzae (1:1) mixed culture fermentation was determined. The protein, crude fat and ash content increased slightly while carbohydrates decreased. The dietary fibre of the tempe increased by 10%. Mould fermentation increased the content of reducing sugars, total acid and aminonitrogen 15.3, 6.7 and 4.6-fold, respectively. It decreased the phytate content by 44% and it increased the tannic acid content by 52%.In vivo iron absorption increased from 2.8 to 12.5%. The protein efficiency ratio of tempe was 1.61±0.33; the net protein ratio was 2.39±0.20; thein vitro andin vivo protein digestibility were 88.2 and 80.0±0.05% respectively, while the protein efficiency ratio, net protein ratioin vivo digestibility of skim milk was 2.96±0.17, 3.51±0.17 and 98.0±1.87, respectively. The sorghum-bean tempe could be used for supplementary feeding.     

降解石榴皮单宁菌株的筛选及鉴定

旨在分离、筛选出可降解石榴(Punica granatumL.)皮单宁的微生物,从自然条件下霉变的石榴皮上挑取野生菌株划线分离,获得纯种菌株,使用含单宁酸的溴酚蓝培养基初筛,再经含石榴单宁的液体培养基复筛。结果筛选出5株野生菌株,依次编号为1#~5#,其中3#和5#菌株的生物耗氧量(COD)去除率分别为60.7%和54.8%,经形态学观察初步鉴定这2株菌株同属于黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)。     

Ensiling of total mixed ration containing persimmon peel: Evaluation of chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation profiles

The effects of inclusion of persimmon peel (PP) in total mixed ration (TMR) silage on its nutrient composition, tannin content, and in vitro ruminal fermentation were studied. Four types of TMR silages containing 0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg of PP on a dry matter basis were prepared. The dietary contents of non‐fiber carbohydrate (NFC) decreased, while soluble protein fraction increased after ensiling of the TMR. In the TMR silages, the content of insoluble tannin increased (p < .05) with increasing PP level. The fraction of soluble protein decreased linearly (p < .01), while that of neutral detergent insoluble protein increased linearly (p < .01) with increasing the PP level in the TMR silages. The total gas and methane yields from the in vitro rumen fermentation of the TMR silages were lower (p < .01) than those of pre‐ensiled TMR and declined linearly (p < .01) with increasing PP level. These results indicate that adding PP to TMR silage may resist the breakdown of dietary protein during the ensiling process, although the ruminal fermentability of TMR possibly decreased after ensiling due to the loss of NFC.     

松墨天牛为害对马尾松针叶化学成分的影响

通过对被松墨天牛为害的不同程度的马尾松针叶化学物质的测定,结果表明:受害的马尾松针叶的内次生物质黄酮和单宁含量随着幼虫钻蛀取食和成虫补充营养为害程度的加重而发生变化,先增加,后降低;受害马尾松针叶内营养物质总糖和可溶性糖含量先降低,后增加.说明了马尾松应激反应的过程是一种随着受害程度的不同,不断变化的动态过程.同时研究表明:马尾松对松墨天牛幼虫钻蛀取食和成虫补充营养的应激反应是不同的.对幼虫钻蛀取食的反应是不显著的;而对成虫补充营养的反应是显著的.说明了马尾松在与昆虫协同进化的过程中,对不同害虫及其不同的虫态产生了适应性.     

Comparison of nutritional and antinutritional factors in soybean and fababean seeds with or without cortex

The composition and contents of nutritional factors such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, fibers, amino acids, and antinutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, and tannins were compared in soybean and fababean seeds with emphasis placed on the nutritional improvement of the seeds by cortex removal. Protein hydrolysis analysis for both whole seeds and seed with cortex removed revealed the presence of a large amount of lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and leucine while these seeds contained a low level of tryptophan, cystine, and methionine. Some antinutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, and tannins were detected in soybean and fababean seeds: phytic acid content and trypsin inhibitor activity were higher in soybean seeds than in fababean seeds while the difference in the tannin content was less pronounced. It was found that most of the tannins occurred in the cortex of the soybean and fababean seeds. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that readily form indigestible complexes with proteins and other macromolecules under specific environmental conditions. By removal of the cortex, tannins were almost completely eliminated without changes in the protein composition and amino acids. From these results, it is assumed that since soybean and fababean seeds contained a high concentration of antinutritional factors in the cortex such as tannins, the utilization of the legume seeds after removal of all of the cortex is suitable for human diet or industrial products.     

Effect of the administration of young leaves of Quercus pyrenaica on rumen fermentation in relation to oak tannin toxicosis in cattle

Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of the administration of young leaves of Quercus pyrenaica (OL) on in vivo ruminal fermentation in relation to oak tannin toxicosis in cattle. In Experiment 1, six bulls were fed up to 5 kg fresh matter (FM) of OL per animal and day for 14 days. In Experiment 2, another six bulls were first subjected to severe feed restriction for 8 days and then fed a higher amount of OL (approximately 10 kg FM daily) for 3 days. In Experiment 3, three bulls received the same amount of OL as in Experiment 1 for 6 days, but adding a severe feed restriction as in Experiment 2. In situ DM disappearance of grass hay and OL, and pH and ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations were recorded throughout the three assays. Daily administration of up to 5 kg OL did not considerably affect ruminal fermentation, unless it was preceded by a severe feed restriction period. Administration of 10 kg OL preceded by undernutrition triggered a critical reduction in rumen fermentation activity concomitantly with an acute intoxication. Interestingly, some results differ from those observed previously in vitro, which highlights the importance of validating in vitro data with in vivo measurements, given the complexity of extrapolation in ruminants.     

柿子、山楂复合果酒的研制

利用河南辉县水柿和豫北红山楂作为原料酿制柿子山楂酒,以水柿为基础,采用有机酸含量较高的山楂调节果浆pH值分别至3.2、3.6、4.0和5.0,研究发酵过程中主要成分的变化规律以及成品酒的风味,结果显示:采用山楂果浆调节pH值至3.6的柿子山楂酒的口感圆润、香气浓郁,香气组分主要以乙酸乙酯和己酸乙酯等酯类为主,产品生物稳定性好、澄清透明。     

桉树栲胶的研究和开发前景

随着制革工业等的发展,市场对栲胶的需求逐步增加,栲胶原料紧缺的现状使得新原料的开发迫在眉睫。为了进一步探索栲胶原料,概述栲胶原料开发利用的现状,分析桉树树皮的资源现状以及综合利用情况,讨论桉树品种、树皮新鲜度、提取工艺等等因素对桉树栲胶质量的影响。