生姜真空冷冻干燥过程影响因素的试验研究

采用电阻法测量了生姜的共晶点和共熔点温度，其值分别为-13℃和-12℃。在实验室冻干机上进行了正交试验，结果表明：真空冷冻干燥过程中加热方式、加热温度、干燥室压力以及物料厚度等因素对冷冻干燥速率均有影响，影响程度依次为：物料厚度＞加热板温度＞干燥室压力。     

影响冰淇淋融化特性的因素研究

冰淇淋的抗融化性能是冰淇淋生产中非常重要的一项指标。主要从新型复合乳化稳定剂和配方中的营养素及加工条件等方面对冰淇淋融化特性的影响进行研究,试验采用对比试验设计。结果表明:新型复合乳化稳定剂的比例在0 4%为最佳配比;冰淇淋的抗融化性能随脂肪含量(6%～14%)和非脂乳固体含量(6 5%～14%)的增加而提高;而冰淇淋的抗融化性能随糖的含量(8%～20%)的增加而降低;冰淇淋的膨化率在80%～100%范围内、均质条件为60～70℃、15～20Mpa、4℃温度下老化4h等工艺条件可明显增加其抗融性。     

三江平原白浆土水分状况的研究——白浆土水分周年动态及其对农业生产的影响(二)

为了说明土壤供水与作物需水之间的关系，将观测年度4-9月土壤有效水量(土壤含水量与萎蔫系数之差)和易效水量（土壤含水量与毛管联系断裂水量之差）列于表4。作物各生育期的蒸散量（叶面蒸腾与土面蒸发之和）是难以测定的。这里我们采用布莱尼法计算作物耗水量，权资参考。布莱尼——克利德尔公式：     

Comprehensive conservation planning to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services in Canadian boreal regions under a warming climate and increasing exploitation

Boreal regions contain more than half of the carbon in forested regions of the world and over 60% of the world’s surface freshwater. Carbon storage and the flood control and water filtration provided by freshwaters and wetlands have recently been identified as the most important ecosystem services provided by boreal regions, with a value many times greater than current resource exploitation. Ecosystem services and sensitive ways of detecting their impairment have so far not been fully included in boreal conservation planning. Climate warming, via its effect on permafrost melting, insect damage, and forest fire, threatens to trigger large positive carbon feedbacks that may enhance the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further amplifying climate warming. In a water-scarce world, there is increasing pressure to divert and exploit boreal freshwaters, and devising conservation plans to protect boreal freshwaters and their catchments is urgent. We propose a catchment-based approach that includes water and chemical mass-balances as a sensitive means of detecting early degradation of many ecosystem services in both catchments and freshwaters, and give some examples of where this has been advantageous in the past. The necessary modifications to current conservation planning are simple ones, and the advantages are great.     

卧龙巴郎山流域大气降水与河水关系的研究

根据四川卧龙自然保护区巴朗山流域皮条河河水的氢氧同位素组成分析,并与同期降水中氢氧同位素进行比较,研究了河水和降水氢氧同位素的变化规律.结果表明:(1)卧龙地区皮条河河水(δD～δ18O线性关系为:(δD = 3.888δ18O-45.614(R2= 0.494,p＜0.05,n=61).河水δD、δ18O变化幅度远小于降水δD、δ18O值的变化幅度.河水氘过量参数(d)与大气降水的氘过量参数(d)的季节变化趋势基本一致,冬春季氘过量参数(d)值较高,而夏秋季较低.(2)不同的季节,雪水和冰雪融水补给河水不同,雪水和冰雪融水补给河水主要发生在11月至翌年6月.(3)当降水量在0～10 mm时,降水δD、δ18O 的升高(或降低)引起河水δD、δ18O升高(或降低),这种影响在降水后第3天滞后发生.当降水量在10～20 mm时,降水δD、δ18O的升高或降低引起河水δD、δ18O升高或降低,这种影响在降水后第2天滞后发生.降水量在20～30 mm时,这种影响在降水后第1～2天发生.这表明河水δD、δ18O的响应时间与降水强度紧密相关,显示出发育良好的亚高山暗针叶林植被结构有利于土壤对降水的吸收、渗透和运移,从而调节和补充河川径流.     

金狮桂花丛生芽的诱导

以桂花品种金狮桂O.fragrans cv.Jinshi为材料,采取幼年型材料中下部饱满的腋芽茎段或成年型顶端的芽茎段作为外植体诱导丛生芽.结果表明:先用75%酒精消毒20 s,再用0.1%升汞消毒1.5 min,褐化率与污染率都较低,丛生芽的诱导率较高;金狮桂丛生芽的最佳诱导培养基为1/2MS NAA 0.2 mg.L-1 6-BA0.5 mg.L-1 30 g蔗糖;试验中发现加入PVP虽然可以降低桂花褐化率,但同时抑制了丛生芽的生长;在丛生芽的增殖培养中,添加0.1~0.5 mg.L-1的6-BA与0.05 mg.L-1的NAA,同时添加1.00 mg.L-1的GA3丛生芽增值效果更佳.     

小兴安岭主要森林类型对降雪、积雪和融雪过程的影响

选择小兴安岭林区5种主要森林类型,对其降雪、积雪和融雪等雪水文过程进行系统研究。结果表明:1）森林对降雪的截留作用主要受郁闭度和树种组成的影响,云冷杉红松林对降雪的截留作用最大,降雪截留率为39.7%,约为次生白桦林的5倍,人工落叶松的25倍。2）不同森林类型之间的截雪量大小与降雪强度有关,且在同一种森林类型的不同降雪强度中,其截留率差异也不同。3）云冷杉红松林内积雪厚度最小,3月中旬达最大值32 cm,较次生白桦林和落叶松人工林内的积雪厚度减少了约12 cm。4）不同林型内积雪融化速度有较大差异,各红松林内积雪厚度从4月中旬后平均每天减少约0.5 cm,而次生白桦林和落叶松人工林内积雪厚度平均每天减少约1.3 cm,融雪速率相对较快,易产生融雪性洪峰。因此,在东北地区实行栽针保阔,逐步改造天然次生林,使之过渡到针阔混交林,能有效地延长林内融雪时间,从而发挥森林融雪的水文效益。      

Effects of major forest types of Xiaoxing＇an Mountains on the process of snowfall, snow cover and snow melting.

选择小兴安岭林区5种主要森林类型,对其降雪、积雪和融雪等雪水文过程进行系统研究。结果表明：1）森林对降雪的截留作用主要受郁闭度和树种组成的影响,云冷杉红松林对降雪的截留作用最大,降雪截留率为39．7％,约为次生白桦林的5倍,人工落叶松的2．5倍。2）不同森林类型之间的截雪量大小与降雪强度有关,且在同一种森林类型的不同降雪强度中,其截留率差异也不同。3）云冷杉红松林内积雪厚度最小,3月中旬达最大值32cm,较次生白桦林和落叶松人工林内的积雪厚度减少了约12cm。4）不同林型内积雪融化速度有较大差异,各红松林内积雪厚度从4月中旬后平均每天减少约0．5cm,而次生白桦林和落叶松人工林内积雪厚度平均每天减少约1．3cm,融雪速率相对较快,易产生融雪性洪峰。因此,在东北地区实行栽针保阔,逐步改造天然次生林,使之过渡到针阔混交林,能有效地延长林内融雪时间,从而发挥森林融雪的水文效益。     

天山北坡融雪期土壤湿度特征及其影响因子

以天山北坡军塘湖流域为研究区,测量2009年和2010年该地区不同深度土壤湿度的变化,并对2 a融雪期各土壤湿度进行比较。结果表明：2 a间 0 cm和10 cm土壤湿度变化趋势一致,20 cm和30 cm土壤湿度变化差异较大。运用相关分析方法,分析2009年各层土壤湿度与2 m气温、土壤温度及雪深的关系,得出各层土壤湿度变化是气温、雪深和土壤温度综合作用的结果,但在不同时期不同深度土壤湿度所受的影响因子不同。同时分析了2009年和2010年不同土壤湿度特征与融雪洪水洪峰的关系,得出在融雪期,若下层（20 cm以下）土壤湿度变化小则出现洪水,反之则无洪水。其结果为进一步研究融雪径流模型和洪水径流预报提供基础资料。     

Crystallization Behavior of Glass-ceramics from Arc-melting Slag of Waste Incineration Fly Ash

To deal with the issue of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash, are melting treatment technology was developed in combination with electric arc furnace metallurgical processes. Glass-ceramics was made of arc-melting slag from waste incineration fly ash and additional glass cullet through crushing, pressing and sintering at temperature between 750 ℃ and 1050 ℃. The crystallization behaviours of the glass-ceramics were examined by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is shown that main crystalline phase of the glass-ceramics are wollastonite (CaSiO3) and diopside (Ca(Mg,Al)(Si,Al)2O6), and the diffraction peaks become more intensive at higher temperature. It is found that the glass-ceramics sintered at 850 ℃ has the optimal physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics, and it has density of 262 g/cm 3, bending strength of 5496 MPa, chemical resistance of 27% and 0.9% in acid and alkali solution respectively. Furthermore, the leaching concentration of heavy metals is very low.