三种不同生长环境下二球悬铃木抗寒性的研究

以三种不同生长条件下的二球悬铃木为试材，设定7个不同的温度梯度，对低温胁迫下植株的生理生化变化规律进行研究。结果表明：低温诱导过程中组织内游离脯氨酸、丙二醛和可溶性糖含量变化明显，可以作为鉴定二球悬铃木抗寒性的生理指标。     

铝胁迫对水稻幼苗生理变化的影响

用AlCl3溶液(60mmol·L-1,pH4.5)分别处理两个水稻品种A(铝敏感型)和B(耐铝型)后,测定了作物地上与地下部生理指标的动态变化。结果表明,铝胁迫显著抑制了水稻幼苗根系的伸长和生长。观察还发现,水稻幼苗鲜重不会因继续培养而加大,而且正常生长的水稻幼苗的根冠比值会随着生长而逐渐变小,而铝胁迫下的水稻幼苗的根冠比值上升,可见芽的生长明显受到抑制。铝胁迫处理后第3d和9d,两个品种的地上部和根系中丙二醛、过氧化氢、脯氨酸含量均不同程度地增加。铝敏感品种A的丙二醛MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)比耐铝品种B增加明显;但品种B的脯氨酸比A品种的脯氨酸增加明显。处理9d后品种A比品种B的蛋白质含量降低明显。铝胁迫后,根系吸收总表面积和活跃表面积均下降。与对照相比,品种A第8d根系活跃吸收比表面积降低了40.88%,第10d降低了56.12%,而且品种A铝处理第6d呼吸速率达到高峰,增加了1.6倍,第10d较对照仅增加67.97%,但呼吸商增加,表明根系的有氧呼吸受明显抑制,同时,短期处理根系活力达到峰值,之后逐渐下降,最终导致根系失活。     

Proline accumulation as a response to salt stress in 30 wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance

The effects of NaCl salt (EC = 16 dS m⁻¹) on water potential, and accumulation of proline, Na⁺ and K⁺ in leaves on the main stem of 30 wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) at awn appearance and 20 days after anthesis (20 DAA) were evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Plants were arranged in a according to a randomized complete block design with factorial treatments in three replications. Proline accumulation at 20 DAA increased with increasing salt stress. This increase was 27.4-fold with the salt-sensitive cultivar “Ghods,” while the mean was 5.2-fold for 19 salt-resistant cultivars. Positive correlations between proline, and K⁺ + Na⁺ concentrations associated with higher sensitivity to salt stress indicated that proline may not have a protecting role against salt stress. No correlation was observed between leaf proline and water potential. Almost no contribution to the osmotic adjustment seems to be made by proline. The contribution made by proline to the osmotic adjustment of plants at 20 DAA was 0.69 bar, whereas that made by K⁺ and Na⁺ was 2.11 and 4.48 bar, respectively. The 30 wheat CV_s used in this experiment showed different performances regarding the traits observed. Eleven of them showing the higher stress sensitivity indices had the highest level of proline and Na⁺ concentrations. They were considered to be salt-sensitive cultivars. Among the others, nine cultivars showed salt tolerance with almost the same Na⁺ and proline concentrations, but a higher K⁺/Na⁺ selectivity of ions from leaf to grains. In 10 of the cultivars, Na⁺ and proline concentrations were low, indicating the presence of a salt avoiding mechanism.     

Studies on the Effect of Dietary Crude Protein Supply on the Composition of Ileal Endogenous Crude Protein Loss in Growing Pigs

Two experiments were carried out to investigate endogenous crude protein (N 2 6.25) (CP) losses in growing pigs. In experiment I, 42 cross-bred gilts [live weight (LW) 35-40 kg] were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the terminal ileum. Seven experimental diets (four feedstuffs: barley, wheat, soyabean meal and rapeseed meal, and three mixtures with varying compositions of the same feedstuff batches) were investigated. Each diet was fed at six different CP levels, obtained after dilution with a 1:1 mixture of sucrose and dextrose. In total, 42 different diets were used and on each pig three different diets were tested. In experiment II, 12 (LW , 18 kg) plus eight (LW , 88 kg) cross-bred castrates were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the terminal ileum. Four experimental diets based on casein as the sole protein source and with CP dietary levels from 6 to 25% were used. By extrapolation to zero CP intake the basal endogenous protein loss in experiment I was 15.7 g kg -1 dry matter (DM) intake, when including all diets, and 14.3 g kg -1 DM intake after excluding the barley diets. In experiment II the basal endogenous CP loss was 11.3 g kg -1 DM intake. In experiment I a relative increase in almost all amino acids in the endogenous CP loss was found when the dietary CP level in the diets increased from zero to 17%. Exceptions were glycine, which was constant, and proline, which decreased significantly from 176 to 58 g 160 g -1 CP. However, the sum of proline and glutamic acid in the endogenous protein loss was almost constant. Similar results were obtained after correction for undigested dietary CP and amino acids, based on in vitro analyses of CP digestibility. In a supplementary study, ileal samples, selected for unusually high levels of proline were analysed for free amino acids. For proline, 36-64% was free, whereas insignificant proportions of the other amino acids were free. It is concluded that the composition of endogenous CP is generally relatively constant. However, experimental conditions with low or inappropriate dietary CP supply may influence the composition and occasionally induce unexpected high levels of proline from secretion of free proline into the lumen of the digestive tract.     

外源谷胱甘肽对大豆种子萌发过程中铜毒害的缓解效应

设置0、0.5、1.0、2.0和4.0 mmol.L-1铜离子浓度梯度,同时在各浓度梯度中分别添加0.16和0.32 mmol.L-1的谷胱甘肽(GSH),进行大豆种子萌发试验,通过测定萌发率、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量及α-淀粉酶活性等指标研究了GSH对大豆种子铜胁迫的缓解效应。结果表明:1.0 mmol.L-1以上浓度铜显著降低大豆种子的活力指数及幼根长,显著提高电解质渗透率及脯氨酸含量;2.0 mmol.L-1以上浓度铜离子显著降低大豆种子的发芽指数及α-淀粉酶活性;4.0 mmol.L-1铜离子显著抑制萌发率。添加0.16和0.32 mmol.L-1的GSH能显著提高1.0 mmol.L-1以上浓度铜毒害条件下α-淀粉酶活性,降低脯氨酸含量,增加幼根长,并能显著降低2.0 mmol.L-1以上浓度铜毒害下的电解质渗透率;4.0 mmol.L-1浓度铜毒害条件下,添加0.32 mmol.L-1的GSH能显著提高大豆种子的萌发率、发芽指数和活力指数。综合考虑,0.16和0.32 mmol.L-1的GSH能够通过提高α-淀粉酶活性来增强大豆种子的萌发能力,并通过维持细胞膜完整性来缓解一定浓度的铜胁迫。     

复合重金属Pb／Zn对香樟生理特征的影响

[目的]阐明重金属Pb／Zn复合污染对香樟生理的影响,为利用香樟进行尾矿恢复提供技术支持。[方法]以香樟为试验材料,采用土培盆栽方法。研究不同复合重金属Ph／Zn浓度（0、200．400和800mg／kg）对樟树叶和根中的叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶（SOD、POD和CAT）活性、丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸（Pro）含量的影响。[结果]随着复合重金属处理浓度的增加,叶绿素全量、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素b含量呈现明显的下降趋势。但是叶绿素8／b比值只在复合重金属浓度为800mg／kg时明显下降。复合重金属对樟树幼苗抗氧化酶活性有着不同的影响作用,对POD呈现明显的抑制作用,对SOD则表现出促进的作用,而对CAT则是呈明显的低促高抑现象。随着重金属处理浓度的升高。叶和根中的MDA和Pro呈现明显增加的趋势。[结论]重金属胁迫对香樟的光合作用产生了抑制作用,对抗氧化酶活性表现出不同的影响作用。     

叶面喷施亚麻酸对烟草‘K326’生长和烟叶常规化学成分的影响

为分析亚麻酸对烟草生长和烟叶常规化学成分的影响,采用叶面喷施亚麻酸对烟草‘K326’叶片中POD、SOD酶活性的影响进行研究,并对许昌和遵义烟草打顶后的农艺性状和烟叶常规化学成分进行分析。结果显示,10 mmol/L亚麻酸处理提高了‘K326’叶中的SOD酶活性和脯氨酸含量;增加了烟株的株高和有效叶片数,许昌增加了1.91片,遵义增加了2.85片;并使烟叶中的糖碱比更趋于10,内在成分更为协调。     

葡萄糖与脯氨酸的美拉德反应条件优化及其产物的再造烟叶加香研究

[目的]优化美拉德反应的条件,并考察其产物在再造烟叶中的加香效果。[方法]以葡萄糖和脯氨酸为原料,优化美拉德反应的条件,并考察其产物在再造烟叶中的加香效果,并用GC-MS对产物进行分离鉴定。[结果]美拉德反应的最优条件:在沸水浴下,反应时间3 h,pH 6,糖氨摩尔比为1∶1,丙二醇占比为30%。在此条件下,美拉德反应产物的再造烟叶增香效果好。利用气-质联用仪对产物进行GC-MS分析,检测到吡咯类、酮类等化合物,这些物质是卷烟中的重要香气成分。[结论]美拉德反应产物的再造烟叶加香效果好。     

Effects of mycorrhiza inoculation on cucumber growth irrigated with saline water

This experiment was conducted as a factorial based on complete randomized design (CRD) to study the effects of mycorrhiza inoculation density on cucumber cv. Super N3 irrigated with different salinity sodium chloride (NaCl) levels. Treatments were mycorrhiza inoculations; M1 (non mycorrhizal plant), M2 and M3 (mycorrhiza inoculations with 1000 and 2000 spores) and saline water was provided by S1, S2, S3, and S4 (control, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl) with 4 replications. The results showed that saline water reduced root, shoot, and fruit weights, and increased proline and electrolyte leakage. Photosynthesis rate, stomata and mesophyll conductance significantly decreased with increased NaCl concentrations. Mycorrhiza inoculation with 2000 spores increased fruit fresh and dry weights, proline and electrolyte leakage, and both mycorrhiza inoculations increased root and shoot dry weights, photosynthesis and stomata conductance. Root volume increased by mycorrhiza inoculation with 2000 spores under non-stress condition, and root length was stimulated by both mycorrhiza inoculations at all saline water levels. Fruit fresh and dry weights were enhanced by mycorrhiza inoculation with 1000 spores at all saline water levels. Photosynthesis rate was reduced by saline water stress and mycorrhiza inoculation stimulated photosynthesis rate. Mycorrhiza inoculation with 2000 spores increased transpiration under saline and non-saline conditions. Proline content of cucumber leaves increased under saline water application. Electrolyte leakage increased by saline water and mycorrhiza inoculation could not improve it. Both mycorrhiza inoculations (1000 and 2000 spores) at all salinity levels, and mycorrhiza inoculation with 1000 spores at 100 mM NaCl enhanced fruit weight, photosynthesis, and proline content of the cucumber leaves.