玉米淀粉与丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物物理性能研究

[目的]探讨玉米淀粉与丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物的物理性能。[方法]对玉米淀粉与丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物片材进行碾片试验、拉伸试验、酶解试验、吸水试验、耐沸水试验等,分析测定其物理性能。[结果]在前辊温度为90～95℃,后辊温度为95～100℃时,片材的物理性能较好,表面光滑、半透明,同时具有良好的韧性和可塑性;样品经α-淀粉酶处理29 d,接枝共聚物失重接近49.2%,说明片材具有生物降解性;样品的质量和吸水率均为先升高后降低,说明片材具有耐水性;样品放入沸水中煮沸5 min,片材的周边发生卷曲,没有润胀;样品拉伸强度测定表明,片材表现出良好的力学性能。[结论]玉米淀粉与丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物物理性能良好,具有良好的可塑性和可降解性,可用作生物降解材料。     

利用甘薯淀粉废水生产有机磷农药降解菌剂条件的初探

为生产低成本且具有高效降解有机磷农药残留效用的菌制剂,利用甘薯淀粉废水进行菌剂的发酵,同时降低废水的化学需氧量(COD),减轻环境污染。通过形态学和分子生物学的方法,对从油菜叶面分离出的有机磷降解菌株N20的菌体形态进行扫描电镜观察,对其16S rDNA 基因序列进行同源性比较和系统发育分析,将其鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus。同时以甘薯淀粉废水为培养基发酵该有机磷农药降解菌,考察不同培养条件对其在甘薯淀粉废水中的生长状况的影响。研究结果表明,甘薯淀粉废水生产有机磷农药降解菌剂的最佳摇瓶培养条件为：种子液的种龄10 h,接种量5%,初始pH 7.0~7.5,摇床转速200 r/min,发酵温度35℃,发酵时间24 h。研究结果可为有机磷农药的生物降解制剂的工业化生产提供实用参数。     

玉米生料发酵生产酒精的研究

采用低温淀粉酶对玉米生料发酵酒精技术进行研究,结果表明,在玉米粉碎度为40目,活性干酵母加量0.3%时,玉米淀粉生料发酵制备酒精的最佳工艺条件为:初始底物质量分数为30%,发酵温度30℃,搅拌转速为75 r/min,自然初始pH值,低温淀粉酶加量为200 U/g(液化酶100 U/g,糖化酶100 U/g),在此条件下,发酵醪的酒精体积分数达到16.4%。     

山体库贮藏马铃薯淀粉、还原糖含量及淀粉酶活性的变化

为探讨甘肃省民乐县山体库贮藏对马铃薯品质的影响。对9个马铃薯品种不同贮藏时期淀粉、还原糖含量以及淀粉酶活性进行分析测定。结果表明：随着贮藏期的延长,大多数品种的淀粉含量表现为升→降→升→降,还原糖含量表现为升→降,淀粉酶活性表现为升→降→升→降;2月份是一个临界贮藏时期,淀粉含量降低到最低（12.68%~22.47%）,还原糖含量达到最高点（0.43%~2.41%）,淀粉酶活性降低到最低点（0.43~0.87 mg/(g? min)）。山体库有利于马铃薯的贮藏;‘青薯6号’和‘同薯23号’适合做菜用型品种,‘大西洋’、‘夏波蒂’和‘LK-99’适合做生产加工型品种,为了保证品质,最佳的加工时间在次年2月之前完成;淀粉酶活性和淀粉含量之间存在负相关,与还原糖之间存在正相关,淀粉含量和还原糖含量之间存在负相关,淀粉含量和还原糖含量之间处于动态平衡状态。     

玉米淀粉生产中工艺水的综合利用

在介绍玉米淀粉生产工艺流程的基础上,进一步对工艺过程中的水资源利用问题进行探讨。在玉米淀粉的生产过程中,采用水环流工艺可以实现水资源的可持续利用,以提高玉米中淀粉的回收率和商品淀粉的质量。     

Variations in Carbohydrate and Protein Accumulation among Spikelets at Different Positions Within a Panicle During Rice Grain Filling

The accumulation dynamics of kernel components for spikelets at different positions within a rice panicle were investigated during grain filling to understand the physiological reasons for the variation of grain quality.Two rice cultivars,Yangdao 6 (indica) and Yangjing 9538 (japonica),were field-grown,and the grain filling characters and contents of starch,soluble sugar,and protein of the spikelets at different positions were studied.There were significant differences in matter accumulation among spikelets at different positions during grain filling.The early-flowering spikelets presented dominance over the late-flowering spikelets in initial time and initial rate of accumulation.At the initial and mid filling stages,the contents and the rates of starch and amylose accumulation in spikelets decreased with the flowering sequence,but soluble sugar content (SSC) exhibited the opposite trend.The difference in SSC among the spikelets of Yangjing 9538 was greater than that of Yangdao 6,but amylose content in mature spikelets showed no obvious relationship to their flowering sequence.The crude protein content (CPC) of early-flowering spikelets decreased more rapidly than that of late-flowering ones at the initial filling stage,and CPC in the spikelets on the secondary branch was higher than that on the primary branch,but CPC in early-flowering ones was lower than that in late-flowering across the whole grain filling period.Grain water content (GWC) of early-flowering spikelets decreased more rapidly than that of late-flowering spikelets on the same branch at the initial and mid filling stages,especially for the top grain on each primary branch.The results suggested that poor grain filling of late-flowering spikelets may be attributed to their low biological activity rather than carbohydrate supply limitation.     

木薯淀粉-丙烯酸接枝共聚合成高吸水性树脂

[目的]研究木薯淀粉合成高吸水性树脂。[方法]以木薯淀粉和丙烯酸单体为原料,过硫酸铵-亚硫酸钠为引发剂,通过水溶液聚合法制得淀粉基高吸水性树脂。考察了淀粉与单体配比、反应温度、反应时间、中和度和引发剂用量等因素对产品吸水率的影响。[结果]得出产品在室温下1 h内吸去离子水1 844 g/g、0.9%NaCl盐水224 g/g。[结论]该研究为以木薯淀粉与丙烯酸为原料制备高吸水树脂提供科学依据。     

木薯淀粉补强天然胶乳的研究

[目的]研究木薯淀粉用于补强天然胶乳的可行性。[方法]将木薯淀粉糊化后加入天然胶乳中,对天然胶乳进行补强,考察淀粉用量及偶联剂KH-551用量对天然胶乳胶体性质及硫化胶膜物理机械性能的影响。[结果]经KH-551处理后的木薯淀粉对天然胶乳有明显的补强作用,天然胶乳硫化胶膜的物理机械性能得到显著提高,同时对天然胶乳的胶体性质影响不大。[结论]采用廉价的木薯淀粉进行天然胶乳的补强,为该工艺的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

不同分离方法对大米淀粉理化性质的影响

[目的]确立既不破坏大米淀粉天然结构与性质,又能有效分离制备大米淀粉的方法与工艺。[方法]研究并比较了碱法、表面活性剂法和酶法3种不同的制备大米淀粉的方法分离大米淀粉与蛋白的效果,以及对大米淀粉各项物理化学性质的影响。[结果]3种制备方法除蛋白的能力相近,但酶法制备的大米淀粉,其颗粒的破损率最小;DSC测量的热力学参数显示,不同方法制备的淀粉其糊化热力学特性没有明显的差异;粒径分布图显示,酶法制备的大米淀粉具有最小的颗粒粒径。[结论]综合各项物理指标,得出酶法制备大米淀粉的方法相对于碱法和表面活性剂法有较高的优越性,能较好地保持大米淀粉的天然特性。     

Effects of roasting on barley β-glucan,thermal, textural and pasting properties

Different hulled barley cultivars were subjected to roasting in hot sand (280 °C) and the effects on β-glucan extractability, physico-chemical, thermal and pasting properties were studied. The grain puffed upon roasting and grain hardness and colour difference ΔE were significantly lowered. The roasted barley flour had significantly higher water absorption and water solubility index. The cultivars DWR-28, RD-2503 and PL-172 had the highest total β-glucan content (up to 5.47%). Roasting brought about a decrease in the soluble β-glucan content in all the cultivars and this decrease ranged from 4.9 to 25.3%. The β-glucan extractability was not affected by the roasting process but roasting lowered the ratio of soluble to insoluble β-glucan content by 8.1–41.9%. Roasting significantly affected the pasting and thermal properties of the flours, together with an increase in the cooked starch content that ranged from 28.8 to 43.1%.