A multicentric retrospective study of serum/plasma urea and creatinine concentrations in dogs using univariate and multivariate decision rules to evaluate diagnostic efficiency

BACKGROUND: Urea and creatinine are the most frequently used indirect markers in plasma and serum of glomerular filtration rate in dogs. Both have been shown to lack sensitivity but their diagnostic efficiency for the diagnosis of kidney disease has been minimally investigated. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the influence of possible factors of variation on both analytes and to determine whether specific decision rules should be drawn up for subpopulations of dogs. METHODS: The results of urea and creatinine measurements, breed, sex, age, and health status (healthy, renal disease, or nonrenal disease) of 3822 dogs were collected from the archives of 5 veterinary clinics. Data were analyzed with univariate and multivariate decision rules with and without adjustment. RESULTS: There were significant effects and interactions of almost all of the sources of variation. Slight improvements in diagnostic efficiency were obtained by adjusting the decision rules to these sources of variations. Univariate decision rules gave approximately the same diagnostic efficiency for urea and creatinine concentrations, with sensitivity and specificity in the range of 70% and 90%, respectively, using the upper limit of the reference interval as the threshold value. Multivariate decision rules provided only minor improvements in diagnostic efficiency. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous measurement of both urea and creatinine is of limited diagnostic value over the analysis of a single variable. Creatinine is the preferred analyte as it is affected by fewer extrarenal factors of variation.     

稻瘟菌激发子CSB I专化性及相关性质研究

 以一套水稻抗稻瘟病近等基因系为材料,接种稻瘟菌(Magnaporthe grisea)细胞壁来源的糖蛋白激发子CSB I,其诱导植保素的积累在高度非亲和性互作水稻远高于亲和性互作水稻;研究同时表明,CSB I可专化性诱导完全非亲和性互作和高度非亲和性互作水稻的过敏性坏死反应;表明该激发子具有小种-品种专化性。经热、胰蛋白酶和过碘酸钠处理后的生物活性检测结果表明,CSB I的活性位点为糖基部分。经pH稳定性检测,CSB I在酸性及相对弱碱性条件下较稳定;而在强碱性条件下,激发子活性下降较多,甚至完全丧失。对CSB I诱导活性的有效浓度测定表明,激发子诱导水稻叶片酶活性升高的最低有效浓度为0.07~0.70 nmol/L。     

沙门氏菌快速检测试剂盒的研制及其应用

在建立直接ＥＬＩＳＡ方法基础上，首次研制出检测沙门氏菌的单抗快速检测试剂盒。对现场分离菌株进行的双盲考核试验共做２８０个菌株，两种方法的总符合率为９４．６％。以２０％的脱脂乳为冻干保护剂，经冻干后，其效价和物理性状最佳，试剂盒批内和批间重复试验的变异系数小于１０％，试剂盒的稳定性较好。采用本试剂盒检测了３０５９份人的粪样，检测出１６６份阳性样品，比市站多检出７２份阳性样品。在对６１９份肉样、６８８份鱼粉、６００份奶样、６２０份蛋样检测中，比常规国标方法多检出１００株沙门氏菌。因此，以直接ＥＬＩＳＡ为基础构建的快速检测试剂盒在沙门氏菌检验中，具有重要实用价值。     

豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)不同器官与不同发育期中过氧化物酶同工酶分析

本文用凝胶电泳法测定了豚草根、茎、叶不同器官过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱,按其酶带相对迁移率(R_m),可分为11条酶带.豚草植株过氧化物酶同工酶与其他植物一样,有明显的器官特异性和阶段发育特异性.结果表明豚草茎叶中过氧化物酶酶谱在开花前后有明显的变化:(1)开花期较开花前酶带明显地增多;(2)开花期在主茎或叶片中,都会出现一条颜色较浅的,该器官花期特有的酶带;(3)豚草株体内一条主酶带(E 带)在开花期明显变浅.上述过氧化物酶同工酶的三种变化,为判断豚草植株体内开花前后生理生化变化提供了一种生化指标.     

25种脊椎动物不同组织乳酸脱氢酶同工酶谱比较

用pH 8.9不连续系统聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,结合尿素抑制和热稳定性实验,对25种脊椎动物不同组织中LDH同工酶的分布和性质进行了比较分析。实验结果,草鱼、鲫鱼、带鱼和(鱼免)鱼不同组织中除了有A、B亚基组合而成的LDH同工酶分布外,在草鱼肝、肾脏中检出向阳极慢速迁移的F_4同工酶带。同时在带鱼眼球中检出向阳极快速迁移的E_4同工酶带。海洋底栖的木叶鲽几种组织以A_4同工酶形式存在。从两栖到哺乳动物,除了具有特殊电泳行为的无斑雨蛙、乌龟、鳖、鸡和乌鸦外,其它动物不同组织中存在着由A、B亚基以四聚体组合而成五种LDH同工酶分布的酶带;在哺乳动物睾丸组织中检出C_4同工酶,褐家鼠和雪兔的C_4同工酶分布在LDH_4和LDH_5之间,而刺猬的C_4酶带分布在LDH_5之后,是慢速向阳极迁移的酶带。比较分析了脊椎动物中不同纲的种类LDH同工酶分布特征。认为LDH同工酶谱的变化与脊椎动物系统发生之间不存在平行关系。     

斑点金标免疫渗滤法诊断家畜血吸虫病的敏感性和特异性

研制成家畜血吸虫病斑点金标免疫渗滤法（DIGFA）诊断试剂盒可测出人工感染血吸虫14—42d的病牛、猪和兔的血清及血纸抗体，比病原体检查法提早28d查出病畜，达到早期诊断的要求；同时亦能检出仅感染1对血吸虫病牛抗体，证实DIGFA具有较高的敏感性。血吸虫与肝片吸虫、锥虫、蛔虫、囊虫和旋毛虫病之间未见交叉反应现象，说明本法具有较强的特异性。     

鸡传染性法氏囊炎病毒的分离与提纯

取接种4周龄雏鸡的法氏囊,经匀浆,高速离心,超速离心,CsCI 密度梯度离心,可获得纯化的鸡法氏囊炎病毒(IBDV)条带。通过电子显微镜观察,说明 IBDV 呈球状,直径约60nm,无囊膜,其浮力密度为1.32g/ml。本试验所分离的病毒粒子的平均含量为957μg/ml,病毒有活力,并具有抗原的特异性。     

农产品电商集群企业地理集中度、双重知识网络嵌入与协同创新绩效

协同创新是农产品电商集群企业高质量发展的重要内容,对实现小农户生产与大市场消费有效衔接和农业现代化发展具有重要意义。本文利用湖北、江西和浙江3省358家农产品电商集群企业的微观调研数据,运用多层次回归分析和Bootstrap分析方法,分析农产品电商集群企业地理集中度、双重知识网络嵌入与协同创新绩效间的关系,探究资产专用性和环境不确定性的调节作用。结果表明,农产品电商集群企业地理集中度和协同创新绩效处于较高水平,双重知识网络嵌入、资产专用性和环境不确定性均处于中等水平。地理集中度、双重知识网络嵌入、资产专用性与协同创新绩效显著正相关,环境不确定性与协同创新绩效显著负相关。农产品电商集群企业地理集中度正向影响协同创新绩效。农产品电商集群企业双重知识网络嵌入在地理集中度与协同创新绩效间发挥部分中介作用。资产专用性正向调节双重知识网络嵌入与协同创新绩效的正向关系;环境不确定性负向调节双重知识网络嵌入与协同创新绩效的正向关系;资产专用性和环境不确定性对双重知识网络嵌入与协同创新绩效的正向关系存在联合调节效应。因此,农产品电商集群企业要加强与集群内外部企业合作创新,注重数字技术设备的投入和更新,构...     

牡蛎中GⅡ型诺如病毒巢式RT-PCR检测方法的优化与评价

为了解决目前巢式PCR法检测牡蛎样品中GII型诺如病毒时存在的非特异性扩增、假阴性等问题,本研究对NCBI数据库中在线获得的所有GII型诺如病毒序列进行系统分析,重新设计出针对GII型诺如病毒检测的通用型巢式PCR引物(NG2OF/NG2OR),并从基因型覆盖度、特异性、灵敏度和实际样品检测的稳定性几个方面对新设计的引物进行评估。结果显示：(1)新引物的特异性好,只对GII型诺如病毒进行有效扩增,且不受牡蛎样品本底的影响。(2)新引物灵敏度高,最低可检测至26.4个拷贝。(3)在对92个牡蛎样品进行检测时,新引物的阳性检出率为28.3%,比经典引物高出7.5%。因此,新建立的GII型诺如病毒巢式PCR检测方法在检测牡蛎样品时特异性更强,灵敏度更高,为牡蛎中诺如病毒的检测提供了一种新的、可靠的技术手段。     

Validation of a multiplex PCR assay to detect Babesia spp. and Anaplasma marginale in cattle in Uruguay in the absence of a gold standard test

Detection of bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma marginale is based on the reading of Giemsa-stained blood or organ smears, which can have low sensitivity. Our aim was to improve the detection of bovine Babesia spp. and A. marginale by validating a multiplex PCR (mPCR). We used 466 samples of blood and/or organs of animals with signs and presumptive autopsy findings of babesiosis or anaplasmosis. The primers in our mPCR amplified the rap-1a gene region of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, and the msp-5 region of A. marginale. We used a Bayesian model with a non-informative priori distribution for the prevalence estimate and informative priori distribution for estimation of sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity and specificity for smear detection of Babesia spp. were 68.6% and 99.1%, and for A. marginale 85.6% and 98.8%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for mPCR detection for Babesia spp. were 94.2% and 97.1%, and for A. marginale 95.2% and 92.7%, respectively. Our mPCR had good accuracy in detecting Babesia spp. and A. marginale, and would be a reliable test for veterinarians to choose the correct treatment for each agent.