Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) undergoing parr-smolt transformation and the effects of dietary linseed and rapeseed oils

Duplicate groups of Atlantic salmon parr were fed diets containing either fish oil (FO), rapeseed oil (RO), linseed oil (LO) or linseed oil supplemented with arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; AA) (LOA) from October (week 0) to seawater transfer in March (week 19). From March to July (weeks 20–34) all fish were fed a fish oil-containing diet. Fatty acyl desaturation and elongation activity in isolated hepatocytes incubated with [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 increased in all dietary groups, peaking in early March about one month prior to seawater transfer. Desaturation activities at their peak were significantly greater in fish fed the vegetable oils, particularly RO, compared to fish fed FO. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3:DHA) and AA in liver and gill polar lipids (PL) increased in all dietary groups during the freshwater phase whereas eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) increased greatly in all groups after seawater transfer. The AA/EPA ratio in tissue PL increased up to seawater transfer and then decreased after transfer. AA levels and the AA/EPA ratio in gill PL were generally higher in the LOA group. The levels of 18:3n-3 in muscle total lipid were increased significantly in the LO, LOA and, to a lesser extent, RO groups prior to transfer but were reduced to initial levels by the termination of the experiment (week 34). In contrast, 18:2n-6 in muscle total lipid was significantly increased after 18 weeks in fish fed the diets supplemented with RO and LO, and was significantly greater in the FO and RO groups at the termination of the experiment. Gill PGF production showed a large peak about two months after transfer to seawater. The production of total PGF post-transfer was significantly lower in fish previously fed the LOA diet. However, plasma chloride concentrations in fish subjected to a seawater challenge at 18 weeks were all lower in fish fed the diets with vegetable oils. This effect was significant in the case of fish receiving the diet with LOA, compared to those fed the diet containing FO. The present study showed that during parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon there is a pre-adaptive increase in hepatocyte fatty acyl desaturation/elongation activities that is controlled primarily by environmental factors such as photoperiod and temperature but that can also be significantly modulated by diet. Feeding salmon parr diets supplemented with rapeseed or linseed oils prevented inhibition of the desaturase activities that is induced by feeding parr diets with fish oils and thus influenced the smoltification process by altering tissue PL fatty acid compositions and eicosanoid production. These effects, in turn, had a beneficial effect on the ability of the fish to osmoregulate and thus adapt to salinity changes.     

虹鳟、金鳟亲鱼成熟群体卵质比较研究

对相同饲养条件下经产虹鳟和初产金鳟亲鱼自然成熟产卵群体生物学特性及其成熟鱼卵中四种不饱和脂肪酸（亚油酸，亚麻酸，EPA，HDA）组成含量进行分析比较，结果表明：两种鱼成熟产卵期和成熟卵粒重相近；成熟鱼卵四种脂肪酸组成含量（mg/g鲜样）均依次为亚油酸＞DHA＞EPA＞亚麻酸，相关明显（R=0.97)，虹鳟鱼卵四种脂肪酸总和（6．68），必需脂肪酸（3．83），DHA（2．534）含量明显高于金鳟（3．93，2．21，1．14）。金鳟受精卵发眼率较低，可能与鱼卵EFA，DHA含量低有关。     

饲料中磷脂和多不饱和脂肪酸对中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体育成仔蟹的成活率和生长的影响

用精制饲料添加一定量的磷脂和多不饱和脂肪酸，饲喂中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体并育成Ⅲ期仔蟹。结果表明：饲料中添加一定量的磷脂对提高大眼幼体育成仔蟹的成活率有较显著的作用，而添加多不饱和脂肪酸对提高大眼幼体到Ⅲ期仔蟹的成活率的作用不显著，但可显著地提高大眼幼体到Ｉ期仔蟹的成活率。另外，饲料中的不饱和脂肪酸含量可显著地影响仔蟹体内脂肪酸的百分含量。     

Lipid content and fatty acid composition of muscle,liver, ovary and eggs of captive-reared and wild silver Japanese eel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anguilla japonica</Emphasis> during artificial maturation

ABSTRACT:   Changes in lipid content and fatty acid composition of muscle, liver and ovary of captive-reared and wild silver Japanese eel Anguilla japonica were examined during artificial maturation induced by salmon pituitary homogenate (SPH) injections. Although the relative levels of n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in liver and ovary were higher than in muscle in both captive and wild silver eels before SPH injection, these tended to decrease with maturation. The relative levels of n-6 HUFA in muscle, liver, ovary and eggs of wild silver eels were remarkably higher than those in captive eels. Therefore, we attempted to alter the ratio of n-6 HUFA in eggs by feeding eels a diet supplemented with linoleic acid-rich plant oil. Although the percentage of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids in eggs of eels fed the supplemented diet was similar to wild silver eels, the percentage of n-6 HUFA remained remarkably lower than in wild silver eels. Hence, it appears that the supplemented diet affected the fatty acid composition of eggs, but did not result in much conversion of linoleic acid to its higher homologs in eels.     

膨化亚麻籽对北京油鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、血浆生化指标、抗氧化能力和肌肉n-3多不饱和脂肪酸沉积量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加膨化亚麻籽对北京油鸡的生长性能、屠宰性能、血浆生化指标及肌肉n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)沉积量的影响。试验选取10周龄北京油鸡(雌鸡)450只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡,试验期8周。在基础饲粮中分别添加0(阴性对照)、9%的亚麻籽(阳性对照)及9%、12%、15%的膨化亚麻籽,制成5种试验饲粮,分别命名为E0、F9、E9、E12、E15。结果表明:1)E9组生长性能和屠宰性能与F9组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。与E0组相比,添加膨化亚麻籽对北京油鸡生长性能和屠宰性能均无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)与F9组相比,E9组血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。相比于E0组,添加膨化亚麻籽显著降低北京油鸡肌肉中SOD的活性(P<0.05),同时显著提高血浆MDA的含量(P<0.05)。3)E12组肌肉中n-3PUFA沉积量最高,为(2.16±0.97)g/kg,是E0组5.68倍,且显著高于E0组(P<0.05),但与F9组无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,亚麻籽膨化后可以显著提高n-3PUFA的沉积量,但相同添加量的亚麻籽和膨化亚麻籽对n-3PUFA的沉积量的影响没有显著差异;综合生产工序及成本,不建议使用膨化亚麻籽作为生产富含n-3PUFA鸡肉的油鸡饲料原料。     

不同脂肪源对肉仔鸡肝脏中脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响

本试验运用牛油、豆油、鱼油三种脂肪酸组成不同的脂肪源设计日粮 ,因而其对肉仔鸡肝脏中FAS、ACC、HMG -COA还原酶基因的mRNA的表达量的影响也存在差异。结果表明富含PUFA的鱼油相对其它脂肪源对此三种基因表达的抑制作用最为明显。运用RT -PCR定量的三种基因的mRNA的量分别比牛油组下降了 5 0 .35 %、4 0 .35 %和81.4 9% ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。而豆油组中此三种基因的表达相对牛油组下降了 1.4 8%、2 0 .6 9%、2 4 .5 3% ,其抑制效果不如鱼油。     

Effects of dietary n‐6/n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios on the mass,and histological and ultrastructures of liver,spleen and thymus of 70‐day‐old Yangzhou Goslings

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary n‐6/n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on the organ indexes, and histological and ultrastructures of organs including liver, spleen and thymus in 70‐day‐old Yangzhou goslings. One‐hundred and sixty 21‐day‐old Yangzhou goslings were randomly divided into 4 groups and fed 4 diets varying in the n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio from 3:1 up to 12:1. After 1‐week acclimation, the feeding experiment lasted for 6 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, goslings were slaughtered and the liver, spleen and thymus were weighed, and their histological and ultrastructures were examined. The results showed that the organ indices in the 3:1 group were remarkably higher than in the other three groups, whereas the mitochondrial square did not differ among four groups. The histological and ultrastructures of the liver, spleen and thymus were not affected by the diets with the lower n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratios (3:1 and 6:1). However, feeding diets with the higher n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratios (9:1 and 12:1), the nuclear chromatin was concentrated and marginalized; the cell membrane was contracted inwardly and disrupted; the mitochondrial membrane was damaged to some degree. In conclusion, the diet containing higher content of n‐3 PUFA might improve immune capacity of goslings the animal by accelerating the growth and maintaining cellular structures of organs like liver, spleen and thymus.     

不同贮存条件对富含PUFA鸡蛋品质的影响

为了解不同贮存温度和时间对富含多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)鸡蛋品质的影响,收集饲喂6种日粮的41周龄海兰褐蛋鸡所产蛋,每组40枚,随机均分为2份,分别放置于室温和4 ℃冰箱,在保存0、15、30、60和90 d时各取4枚测定鸡蛋失重率、比重和蛋黄丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明:与对照组相比,富含PUFA鸡蛋在贮存过程中失重率、比重和蛋黄MDA含量无显著差异( P >0.05);鸡蛋室温与4 ℃贮存相比3个指标差异极显著( P <0.01),室温贮存失重率是4 ℃贮存的3倍左右,且失重率与贮存时间呈显著正相关;鸡蛋室温贮存比重下降大于4 ℃贮存,且比重与贮存时间呈显著负相关;室温贮存蛋黄MDA含量均高于4 ℃贮存( P <0.05),各组蛋黄MDA含量随贮存时间延长呈显著正相关增加趋势。研究揭示,富含PUFA鸡蛋在储存过程中失重率、比重和蛋黄MDA含量变化与普通鸡蛋无差异;鸡蛋室温贮存15 d或4 ℃贮存30 d仍为鲜蛋,4 ℃贮存优于室温贮存。     

日粮多不饱和脂肪酸类型对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋黄脂肪酸富集的影响

将135只26周龄海兰褐商品蛋鸡随机分为3个处理,分别饲以3种日粮:n-3多不饱和脂肪酸日粮(PUFA)、n-6PUFA日粮和普通日粮研究PUFA类型对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋黄脂肪酸富集的影响。试验结果表明:n-3PUFA日粮使产蛋率和饲料效率显著(P<0.05)降低;n-6PUFA日粮组死亡率与其他组相比极显著(P<0.01)上升。两种PUFA日粮使蛋黄n-3PUFA及n-6PUFA含量显著(P<0.05)改变。结果表明:PUFA日粮能显著改变蛋黄PUFA的组成,可生产出n-3PUFA含量达到585mg/枚和n-6PUFA含量达到1595mg/枚的鸡蛋;但试验发现日粮中添加过多的亚麻籽和葵籽对蛋鸡生产性能有不良的影响(P<0.05)。