北京肉仔鸭蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需要量研究

蛋氨酸和赖氨酸试验各4个处理 ,各设4个重复 ,每重复试验鸭14只。0～2周龄饲粮处理水平分别为 :蛋氨酸0.35 %、0.40 %、0.45 %和0.50 % ;赖氨酸0.80 %、0.90 %、1.00 %和1.10 %。2～5周龄饲粮处理水平为 :蛋氨酸0.25 %、0.30 %、0.35 %和0.40 %;赖氨酸0.55 %0.65 %、0.75 %和0.85 %。测定14日龄和35日龄试验鸭血清尿素氮和尿酸氮含量。结果表明 :(1)蛋氨酸0.35 %处理组的活重和增重显著低于其它各处理组 (P<0.05) ,0.40 %处理组显著低于0.45 %和0.50 %处理组(P<0.05)。饲料报酬0.35 %组显著低于0.50 %处理组。(2)蛋氨酸0.25 %组5周龄体重显著低于其它处理 (P<0.05) ;2～5周龄体增重0.25 %组显著低于0.35 %和0.40 %组(P<0.05)。2～5周龄饲料报酬检验差异不显著 (P>0.05)。0～2周龄和2～5周龄各蛋氨酸水平饲料采食量差异不显著 (P>0.05)。 (3)2周龄体重和0～2周龄体增重以饲粮0.80 %赖氨酸水平组显著低于其它处理 (P<0.05) ,饲料报酬差异不显著 (P>0.05)。 (4)5周龄体重和2～5周龄增重0.55 %处理组显著低于其他处理 (P<0.05) ;2～5周龄饲料报酬0.55 %与0.65 %、0.75 %、0.85 %处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) ,采食量无显著差异 (P>0.05)。 (5)0～2周龄饲粮蛋氨酸各处理对14日龄试验鸭血清尿素氮和尿酸氮无显著影     

Changes of the Methionine Content During Maize Grain Maturation

The changes in the amounts of dry matter, total nitrogen and methionine during maturation of normal maize hybrids grown under the same topographical and agrotechnical conditions on two consecutive vegetation years were examined.
Total nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl's method and methionine spectrophotometrically from papain hydrolysate by the method of McCarthy and Sullivan. Analysis of variance was applied to assess the significance of the changes in particular components during grain maturation.
A significant increase (p = 0.01) in amounts of the all investigated components in original grain matter up until a late stage of dough maturity in both vegetation years was determined. The increase was mostly expressed by the end of milky maturity. The correlation between these components during maturation is positive and highly significant (p = 0.001). The methionine content in dry matter attained in stage of milky maturation the value being characteristic for mature grain. On a total-proteins basis, the methionine content is significantly the least (p = 0.01) at the early stage of milky maturation and increases up until dough maturity reaching a value that does not significantly differ from the value in full maturity of grain.     

不同剂量的蛋氨酸铜对肉鸡肝脏病理组织结构和粪便铜含量的影响

选择1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡120只,随机分成4组。使用蛋氨酸铜作为铜源,饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,对照组饲料铜含量为11mg/kg,3个高铜试验组分别为:110mg/kg、220mg/kg和330mg/kg,试验至60日龄结束。于第12,36,60日龄在各组内随机采血,测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性;测量60日龄各组肝脏和粪便的铜含量并观察肝脏组织病理变化。结果显示:①血清ALT和AST活性均在正常范围内,没有异常升高;②110mg/kg和220mg/kg组的肝脏组织中铜含量比对照组有所升高,但是差异不显著(P>0.05),而330mg/kg组则极显著高于其他3个试验组(P<0.01);110mg/kg,220mg/kg和330mg/kg组的粪便中铜含量均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);③330mg/kg组的肝脏组织大部分细胞中度变性,其他各组病理变化不明显。试验结果表明,日粮中蛋氨酸铜浓度达到330mg/kg时,肝脏内的铜蓄积量会迅速增多且对肝脏造成较大的损伤,粪便中的铜含量随着日粮中铜含量的增加而迅速增多,可能对环境造成不利影响。     

日粮添加不同铜源对肉鸭生长性能、胴体组成和粪便中铜含量的影响

试验旨在评估日粮添加不同铜源对肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能和粪便铜含量的影响。选取1056只1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭,分为硫酸铜组、蛋氨酸螯合铜组2个处理组,每个处理4个重复,每个重复132只。结果显示:在生长性能方面,饲粮中添加不同铜源对肉鸭各阶段日采食量、日增重和出栏体重影响不显著(P>0.05)。全期来看,添加蛋氨酸螯合铜组肉鸭1~38日龄料重比显著改善(P<0.05)。在屠宰性能方面,不同铜源对肉鸭各胴体指标均影响不显著(P>0.05)。蛋氨酸螯合铜组肉鸭粪便中铜含量比硫酸铜组高0.8mg/kg,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上,除料重比外,日粮添加不同铜源对肉鸭生长性能、粪铜含量影响无显著差异。     

Effects of methionine partially replaced by methionyl‐methionine dipeptide on intestinal function in methionine‐deficient pregnant mice

This study was to compare the effects of parenteral supplementation of methionyl‐methionine (Met‐Met) or Met on intestinal barrier function in Met‐deficient pregnant mice. Pregnant mice were randomly divided into three groups. The Control group was provided a diet containing Met and received i.p. injection of saline. The Met group was fed the same diet but without Met and received daily i.p. injection of 35% of the Met contained in the control diet. The Met‐Met group was treated the same as the Met group, except that 25% of the Met injected was replaced with Met‐Met. Met‐Met promoted villus surface area in ileum compared with Met alone. In addition, the mRNA abundance of amino acid and glucose transporters in the small intestine was altered with Met‐Met. Moreover, Met‐Met increased tight junction protein and decreased apoptosis‐related proteins expression in the jejunum and ileum. These results suggest that Met‐Met can promote intestinal function over Met alone in Met‐deficient mice.     

饲粮蛋氨酸对鹅再生羽绒品质、血清指标及基因mRNA表达量的影响

旨在探讨饲粮蛋氨酸对鹅羽绒再生性能、血清指标及半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢通路相关基因表达量的影响。本试验以128只健康霍尔多巴吉鹅为研究对象,于150日龄采绒后随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复8只鹅。各组试验鹅分别饲喂基础饲粮中蛋氨酸添加量为0、0.28%、0.56%和0.84%的饲料,正试期42d。测定比较试验鹅的羽绒千朵绒重、羽枝长度以及血清生化、抗氧化和促生长因子等指标,并通过RT-qPCR检测半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢通路相关基因mRNA的相对表达量。结果发现:1)随着饲粮中蛋氨酸添加比例增加,鹅血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、尿素氮(BUN)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量等均未发生显著变化(P>0.05);血清中促生长因子(IGF-1)、催乳素(PRL)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)浓度随之显著升高(P<0.05),但添加量达到0.84%时反而又降低。2)饲粮中添加蛋氨酸可显著提高羽绒的千朵绒重和背部羽枝长度(P<0.05),促进羽绒再生,但不同蛋氨酸添加浓度对羽绒产量影响的差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)RT-qPCR检测结果显示,饲粮中添加蛋氨酸,半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢通路中MAT1A mRNA相对表达量显著下调(P<0.05),基因AHCY在蛋氨酸添加比例为0.28%时mRNA相对表达量极显著下调(P<0.01)。结果表明,饲粮中添加适当浓度的蛋氨酸,可促进鹅体内IGF-1和PRL等促生长因子和抗氧化因子分泌,还可显著提高千朵绒重、背部羽枝长度,降低半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢通路中MAT1A和ACHY基因mRNA的相对表达量,促进羽绒再生,其适宜的总添加量为0.55%～0.83%。     

Effects of dietary supplemental methionine source and betaine replacement on the growth performance and activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes in normal and heat‐stressed broiler chickens

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental methionine (Met) source and betaine (Bet) replacement for Met on performance and activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes (MRCEs) in normal and heat‐stressed broiler chickens. Total of 1,200‐day‐old Ross 308 chicks were allocated to two houses, each consisted of 12 treatments, five replicates of 10 birds each with 2 × 2×3 × 2 (temperature × Met source × Met level × Bet, respectively) split‐plot factorial arrangement. Met level in the basal diets was 70% requirements (Req) that was increased to the requirement or 130% by supplemental dl ‐ or l ‐Met. Bet was or was not substituted at the rate of 30% supplemental dl ‐ or l ‐Met. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in chicks fed 70% l ‐Met was lower than those fed 70% dl ‐Met diet during 1–10 days (p = 0.04). Broilers fed diets containing requirement or 130% Met, regardless of its source, showed higher weight gain (WG) than those received 70% Met diet during 11–42 days (p < 0.001). Feed intake (FI) of broilers fed 130% Met diet was decreased compared to other two groups during 11–42 days (p < 0.05). One hundred thirty percent Met requirement diet resulted in lower FCR comparing to other two groups during 11–42 days (p < 0.001). Heat‐stressed birds grew less than those under normal condition (p < 0.05). Broilers fed Req Met diet under normal temperature exhibited higher activities of complexes (Cox) I and III (p < 0.05). Cox I activity in heat‐stressed birds fed Bet + diet was similar to those fed Bet‐diet under normal temperature (p = 0.046). It is concluded that performance and the activities of Cox I and III were increased as the level of Met increased. Bet replacement for 30% supplemental Met resulted in similar consequences comparing to non‐Bet replacement diets on performance, but increased the activity of Cox III. l ‐Met was effective than dl ‐Met at the cellular level. High ambient temperature depressed performance and MRCE activity.     

Supplementing rumen‐protected methionine to lactating multiparous dairy cows did not improve reproductive performance

There is evidence that supplementing methionine has positive effects on uterine environment, oocyte quality and embryo development in cattle. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate reproductive traits of cows supplemented with rumen‐protected methionine (RPM) during early to mid‐lactation in comparison with an untreated control group (CON). An additional focus was on the effect of puerperal diseases on reproductive performance parameters in RPM‐supplemented group MET and in CON. A total of 1,709 multiparous Holstein‐Friesian cows were enrolled in this field trial conducted on a commercial dairy farm in Slovakia. Cows were allocated at approximately 12 days post‐partum (dpp) to either CON or MET, the latter supplemented with 25.0 g–27.2 g RPM per cow per day incorporated into the total mixed ration (TMR) until leaving the study pen at approximately 140 dpp. The amount of RPM was calculated based on individual feed ingredients analysis and adjusted during the study period when TMR changed. Cows were monitored during the post‐partum period by vaginal examination (day 5 pp), measuring of beta‐hydroxybutyrate in blood (3, 5, and 8 dpp) and by vaginal examination, uterine cytology and measuring of back fat thickness by ultrasound (all at 31 ± 3 dpp). Compared with CON, cows supplemented with RPM did not show better reproduction performance parameters (first service submission rate, days to first service, conception risk, days open 140). Results from binary logistic regression model for the risk of conception showed that metritis had a significant effect, but the supplementation of methionine had not. Results of Cox regression analysis for the odds of conception within 140 dpp revealed only metritis and clinical endometritis as significant factors. In conclusion, supplementation of RPM had no beneficial effect on reproductive performance in this study farm compared with an untreated control group.     

Formulation challenges of organic poultry diets with readily available ingredients and limited synthetic methionine

Organic agriculture has increased greatly over the past several years as consumer demand for these products has risen. Organic meat production, including poultry, has grown especially quickly, resulting in increasingly stringent guidelines being put in place to ensure safe, uniform, and ideal products for these consumers. Feed formulation and manufacturing for organic poultry in the United States are strictly regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture National Organic Program. Currently, no synthetic amino acids are allowed to be used in organic poultry diets in the United States except for limited quantities of synthetic methionine since it is typically considered the first or second limiting amino acid in corn and soybean meal based poultry diets and it is a critical nutrient for maintaining bird growth and productive performance, especially regarding egg size in laying hens. The aim of the review herein is to discuss the impacts that current organic regulations on synthetic methionine have on diet formulation when using readily available ingredients. High levels of crude protein must be used to meet bird methionine requirements with this restriction in place, which both increases feed costs and can have negative impacts on bird health and on air quality and the surrounding environment due to increased ammonia emissions. Atypical feed formulation strategies have been explored to address this issue, including such methods as feeding alternative ingredients and providing forage materials. Another possibility would be to use an average lifetime maximum inclusion rate for synthetic methionine, which may allow for better flexibility to provide sufficient methionine throughout various phases of growth and production since the requirements of the bird change with age.