空心菜对不同形态氮吸收动力学特性研究

对空心菜不同形态氮素吸收动力学特性进行了研究,发现其吸附曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten酶动力学方程,采用LB转换式处理数据对其动力学参数进行计算,得出以下结论:①空心菜对铵态氮的亲和力大于对硝态氮的亲和力（K_m铵态氮<K_m硝态氮）,说明空心菜有优先吸收铵态氮的趋势,表明在实际净化水质过程中,若有足够的停留时间,空心菜对铵态氮的净化程度更高一些;②空心菜对铵态氮的最大吸收速率V_max为0.001 85 mmol/（g·FW·h）,对硝态氮最大吸收速率V_max 为0.000 279 mmol/（g·FW·h）,V_max铵态氮>V_max硝态氮,表明空心菜对铵态氮的净化速率要大于对硝态氮的净化速率;③当溶液中存在铵态氮时,空心菜对硝态氮的亲和力增加了2.5%,而最大吸收速率则减少34%,总的吸收能力降低,表明溶液中铵态氮的存在不影响空心菜根细胞膜上载体与硝态氮之间的亲和性,但影响载体对硝态氮的运转速度。     

Effect of incorporation of Brassica napus L. residues in soils on mycorrhizal fungus colonisation of roots and phosphorus uptake by maize (Zea mays L.)

Plants in the Brassicaceae family are known to contain thioglucoside compounds that produce isothiocyanates when tissues are disrupted. These chemicals have a negative effect on soil-borne fungal pathogens, and possibly on vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. We investigated the effect of incorporation of Brassica napus L. residues in a soil on mycorrhizal colonisation of roots, P uptake and growth of following maize (Zea mays L.) crop. A pot experiment was carried out in a glasshouse with pre-inoculation with Glomus intraradices (+I and −I), incorporation of B. napus L. residues (+R and −R) and mineral P fertilization (+P and −P) as studied factors. The soil used was a neutral loamy soil with low P availability. The pots were planted with maize (Z. mays L.). Phosphorus uptake, plant biomass, total leaf area per plant and area of individual leaves (rank 4–7) were significantly larger in +P treatments than without P addition, thus confirming that the soil used for the experiment was P deficient. Incorporation of B. napus L. residues had also a positive effect on P uptake, plant biomass, total leaf area per plant and area of individual leaves (rank 5–7). These effects were more pronounced in −P treatments than in +P treatments. There was no effect of pre-inoculation with G. intraradices on P uptake and P dependant variables. The percentage of the root length that was colonised by mycorrhizae was lower in +P treatments but it was not significantly affected by other studied factors. Altogether the results showed that B. napus L. residues have mainly acted as a source of P. There was no evidence of a negative effect of the incorporation of B. napus L. residues on the colonisation of maize roots by mycorrhizae.     

Effects of ultrasound and high pressure argon on physico-chemical properties of white mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) during postharvest storage

Effects of high pressure argon (H), ultrasound (U) and their combination treatments (UH) on physico-chemical characteristics of white mushrooms were studied during 9 d of postharvest storage at 4 °C. H treated samples exhibited the smallest weight loss and respiration rate compared to all other samples. Mass losses after 9 d of storage were 3.01%, 5.09%, 5.39% and 9.59% for H, UH, U and untreated mushrooms, respectively. Furthermore, U treated samples showed lower polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO, E.C. 1.14.18.1) during storage while UH treated samples showed a slight increase in antioxidant capacity during storage and also experienced reduced mass loss and respiration rate. In addition, treated samples were effective in retaining mushrooms colour changes compared to control. Physico-chemical properties of differently treated mushrooms (UH, H and U) stored at 4 °C were significantly different (p < 0.05) from control.     

根际微生物对药材道地性的影响

在植物、土壤与微生物所构成的根际微生态系统中,微生物对于土壤肥力的形成、养分的转化吸收、植物生长发育以及植物病虫害的生物防治具有重要的作用.通过对影响根际微生物种群结构因素分析以及根际微生物影响土壤养分释放和植物生长等功能的初步探讨,以期为药材道地性的研究提供新的思路和方法,指导道地药材的生产和实践.     

Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf cultures of ornamental species of Dianthus

Protocol for direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of economically important species of Dianthus, viz. D. caryophyllus, D. barbatus and D. chinensis has been developed. Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) liquid medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1 mg/l) was used for direct induction of somatic embryogenesis without an intervening callus phase. Initially globular structures were observed after 21 days of culture of leaf explants in liquid medium. Development of embryos to heart and torpedo stages was achieved in the liquid medium incorporated with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) at a concentration of 2.5%. Embryo maturation was further promoted by addition of casein hydrolysate (CH) (200 mg/l) in MS liquid medium. Embryos germinated to form plantlets on solid MS medium supplemented with GA₃ (1 mg/l). Regenerated plants with well-developed root and shoot systems were successfully transferred to field conditions.     

Comparison of stem borer damage and resistance in semidwarf Indica rice varieties and prototype lines of a new plant type

The rice (Oryza sativa L.) “new plant type” (NPT), currently under development at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, differs in genetic background and plant architecture from the semidwarf Indica varieties that now predominate in tropical lowland areas. The NPT is derived from tropical Japonica germplasm and has fewer and larger stems and panicles than do semidwarf Indica varieties. We compared stem borer damage and resistance in NPT lines and semidwarf Indica varieties under field and greenhouse conditions. Stem borer damage in field plots of the NPT lines IR65564 and IR68011 was higher than in plots of the Indica varieties IR64 and IR72 during the 1999 dry season but not the wet season. In both seasons, IR68011 had higher densities of egg masses of the striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis) than did the other three entries. There were no consistent differences among entries in density of egg masses of the yellow stem borer (YSB, Scirpophaga incertulas). In the 2000 wet season, stem borer populations were low, but SSB egg masses were found only on IR68552-100, the only NPT line in the experiment. In all three seasons, NPT lines had higher proportions of SSB larvae and pupae in stems after harvest, and lower proportions of YSB, than did Indica varieties. In artificially infested field cages, SSB larval survival was highest on reproductive stage plants of IR68011 in the 1999 dry season and there was a trend of higher YSB adult weight on IR68011 in the 1999 dry and wet seasons. Three NPT lines and three Indica varieties evaluated under greenhouse conditions showed no consistent differences in resistance to either stem borer species, as measured by percent survival from egg to adult and female development time and weight. The lack of consistent differences in stem borer survival and development between the NPT lines and Indica varieties was contrary to the expectation that the morphology of the NPT would render it more susceptible to stem borers. Our results indicate that NPT lines are not consistently or strongly more susceptible to stem borers than are improved Indica varieties and suggest that ovipositional attractiveness to SSB is a factor contributing to higher stem borer damage to some NPT lines.     

基于SPI的近53 a宁夏干旱时空演变特征研究

利用宁夏回族自治区9个气象站点1959-2011年的逐月降水数据计算其标准化降水指标(standardized precipitation index,SPI)值,并结合干旱站次比、干旱强度、气候倾向率及ArcGIS中反距离加权插值等方法,分析了研究区干旱的时空变化特征。结果表明,近53 a来,宁夏回族自治区年SPI在波动中呈降低的趋势,其变化倾向率为-0.131/10 a,呈更加干旱趋势,且干旱增幅以21世纪最大;从季节SPI变化来看,春、夏、秋季干旱呈增重趋势,但冬季有所缓解。从干旱发生的范围和强度来看,宁夏回族自治区重旱发生范围略有扩大,而轻旱和中旱略有减小,强度微呈减弱趋势;四季中,总体呈现出冬季干旱强度略增,范围缩小,春季干旱范围扩大。强度增强,而夏秋干旱范围缩小。宁夏回族自治区存在季节连旱频发现象,持续时间长,尤其是春、夏、秋跨季节连旱对农业生产影响最大。年和季节SPI的空间差异明显,表现为由北向南干旱的加重幅度逐渐增大,尤以南部山区对区域干旱变化的响应最为敏感。     

Litter decomposition reduces either N2O or NO production in strongly acidic coniferous and broad-leaved forest soils under anaerobic conditions

Purpose

The beneficial effect to the environment of nitrate (NO₃ ^?) removal by denitrification depends on the partitioning of its end products into nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitric oxide (NO), and dinitrogen (N₂). However, in subtropical China, acidic forest mineral soils are characterized by negligible denitrification capacity and thus reactive forms of N could not be effectively converted to inert N₂, resulting in a negative environmental consequence. In this study, the influences of C input from litter decomposition on denitrification rate and its gaseous products under anoxic conditions in the acidic coniferous and broad-leaved forest soils in subtropical China were investigated using the acetylene (C₂H₂) blockage technique in the laboratory.

Materials and methods

The coniferous and broad-leaved forest soils with and without litter addition were incubated under anaerobic conditions for 244 h. There were three treatments for each forest soil including addition of 0.5 and 1% corresponding litter (gram of litter per gram of soil) and the control without addition of litter.

Results and discussion

The results showed that litter addition into the broad-leaved forest soil had no effect on average rates of denitrification (calculated as the sum of NO, N₂O, and N₂), whereas in the coniferous forest soil, the addition resulted in a significant increase in average denitrification rate. In the broad-leaved forest soil, both rates of litter addition decreased the production of NO but increased the production of N₂, and high rates of litter addition into the coniferous forest soil promoted the reduction of N₂O to N₂.

Conclusions

Increased decomposition of litter in the forest soils could effectively reduce N₂O and NO production through denitrification under anaerobic conditions.     

羽毛生物降解液对盐胁迫下小白菜生长的生理调控作用

为研究羽毛生物降解液(FBL)在缓解盐胁迫作用上应用,以小白菜为实验材料,采用盐土盆栽法,分析含不同游离氨基酸浓度(0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 g/L)的FBL对盐胁迫(0.4% NaCl)下小白菜生长和生理指标的影响。结果表明,盐处理下,与不浇施FBL处理相比,浇施FBL后小白菜地上部鲜重显著提高,与无盐处理差异不显著,游离氨基酸浓度为0.4 g/L时生长指标最佳。施加FBL显著降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著提高;脯氨酸(Pro)浓度随着FBL中游离氨基酸浓度增加显著升高。施加FBL后叶片可溶性蛋白含量显著升高。综上,外源施加FBL可以提高叶片抗氧化酶活性,增加渗透调节物质含量,缓解盐胁迫对小白菜的伤害,最适宜的游离氨基酸浓度为0.4 g/L。实验结果可为次生盐渍化的土壤和盐碱地小白菜生产和种植提供一定的理论依据。