橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)的生物学特性研究

橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)是导致采后橄榄果实腐烂的主要病原菌,本文研究了pH、温度、光照、碳源、氮源等条件对橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢菌落生长、产孢和分生孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢生长最适pH为6,最适温度24~26℃;产孢最适pH为7,最适温度24~26℃,光暗交替条件下产孢量最多;以D-果糖、甘露醇为碳源和以蛋白胨为氮源的培养基最有利于橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢菌丝的生长,以葡萄糖、蔗糖为碳源和以蛋白胨为氮源的培养基最有利于该菌产孢;分生孢子萌发最适pH为6,最适温度26~28℃,全黑暗条件下孢子萌发率最高;该菌菌丝致死温度为54℃(30 min),分生孢子致死温度为56℃(20 min)。     

鲜食橄榄果实的适宜采收期及其品质评价参数的研究

以"檀香"橄榄果实为试材,研究7个采收期(从9月7日到12月7日按节气采果,分别为采收期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ)对鲜食橄榄果实品质的影响及其品质评价参数。结果表明:随着采收期的延迟和果实成熟度的提高,采收期Ⅰ~采收期Ⅵ的橄榄果实表面色调角h°、果皮叶绿素含量、果肉可滴定酸和单宁含量下降,果皮类胡萝卜素含量、果肉可溶性固形物含量、固酸比值、可溶性总糖含量、还原糖含量和糖酸比值增加,果实食用品质提高;但采收期Ⅶ(过熟)的橄榄果实果肉可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、还原糖含量和果实食用品质下降;因此认为,采收期显著影响鲜食橄榄果实品质,且以采收期Ⅵ(完熟,小雪节气采收)的橄榄果实鲜食品质最佳。同时发现,橄榄果实表面色调角h°,果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量,果肉可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、固酸比值、可溶性总糖、还原性糖、糖酸比值、单宁含量等品质指标可作为确定鲜食橄榄果实食用品质及采收期Ⅰ~采收期Ⅵ成熟度的参数,为量化衡量橄榄果实食用品质和成熟度提供方法。     

不同品种及成熟度橄榄油中角鲨烯的检测分析

以云南引种的13个不同品种及8个不同成熟度的油橄榄果为原料,通过索氏抽提法提取其粗脂肪,再以气-质联用法定性定量分析该粗脂肪中角鲨烯的含量差异.结果表明,13个不同品种橄榄油中,城固32角鲨烯含量最高,莱星含量最低;不同成熟度的3个品种(城固32、佛奥和阿斯),橄榄油随成熟度提高,角鲨烯含量越高.     

甘肃陇南油橄榄配方施肥试验研究

施肥是影响油橄榄丰产稳产的关键性措施。通过不同施肥配方及施肥量对不同品种新梢生长量及鲜果产量的影响试验得出：施用有机肥＋无机肥的混合肥,于11月份施5kg的菜籽饼,1kg过磷酸钙、0．5kg硫酸钾、200g硼肥;于4月、6月、8月各施O．1kg尿素,于每年的4月、7月、11月灌3次水,可使单株产量由2．4kg提高到18．2kg,净增产15．8kg,增产增效显著。     

不同成熟度油橄榄油品品质研究

为明确不同成熟度油橄榄油品品质的变化规律,建立不同品种的质量体系,让企业和种植户能够根据自己的侧重点选择需要种植的品种,以提高生产效率和产品质量。以城固(Chenggu)、莱星(Leccino)、切姆拉尔(Chemlal de kabylie)0～7个成熟度的油橄榄果实为试验材料,对3个品种的出油率、酸价、过氧化值、多酚含量、主要脂肪酸等品质指标进行测定。结果表明,第7成熟度切姆拉尔的出油率最高,为13.6%;第0成熟度城固的最低,为2.1%。脂肪酸组成中油酸含量最高,为53.31%～71.64%;棕榈酸含量为12.91%～16.53%,棕榈一烯酸含量为0.42%～2.09%,硬脂酸含量为1.25%～2.96%,亚油酸含量为7.48%～18.24%;亚麻酸含量最低,为0.63%～1.51%。多酚含量,第1成熟度以城固最多,为281.91 mg/kg;第2成熟度以切姆拉尔最低,为73.53 mg/kg。多酚含量随着成熟度的增加会有一个先增加再减小的趋势;酸价(最高为0.67 mg/g)、过氧化值(最高为0.71 g/kg)远低于国标中对特级初榨橄榄油的限度。可见,3个油橄榄品种的油脂质量均比较高,其中切姆拉尔出油率较高,城固多酚含量较高。     

DETERMINATION OF OLIVE MILL WASTEWATER TOXIC EFFECTS ON THREE MINT SPECIES GROWN IN HYDROPONIC CULTURE

The effects of two olive mill wastewater (OMW) dilutions upon physiological function and metabolic components of three mint species grown in hydroponic culture were studied. Visible symptoms, chlorosis and stunted growth, were pronounced in peppermint and spearmint; toxicity symptoms in menthe douce were few. Peppermint and spearmint displayed loss of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K); menthe douce revealed accumulation of Ca, sodium (Na), and iron (Fe), under OMW. The loss of Ca negatively affected the development and stability of cell wall and membrane; the Mg deficiency negatively affected the photosynthetic apparatus and carbon fixation. Fv′/ Fm′ was slightly affected under OMW, whereas, Φ_PSII, q _P and Rfd displayed significant reductions. No clear effect of OMW on phenols and carbohydrates among the species were found. Ascorbic acid content in peppermint dropped dramatically; the reduction was lower for spearmint and menthe douce. The OMW resistant species, menthe douce, developed a mechanism to control the physiological and the biochemical status.     

Nitrogen nutrition diagnosis for olive trees grown in super-intensive cropping systems

Abstract

The results of a 4-year experiment combining irrigation, N, and K showed that to maintain productivity and tree growth it is necessary to attain a higher leaf N status than current diagnosis standards. To sustain high oil yield and quality and to avoid excessive vigor, a critical N concentration was established for olive trees of 1.94% for leaves sampled in July. A negative relationship was obtained between N leaf concentration and some quality parameters. Above 1.94% N, total phenolic content and oxidative stability fell below 220?mg kg^?1 and 10?hr, respectively. In addition, above this N leaf concentration other factors including the alternate bearing index (ABI) and vegetative growth distorted productive and qualitative responses. Moreover, the differential productive response of trees related to alternate fruit bearing status implies that the interpretation of leaf nitrogen content can be more accurate when ABI suggests an ON tree status.     

Nutrient Stress,Ecophysiological, and Metabolic Aspects of Olive Tree Cultivars

This research, aimed at evaluating stress on the olive tree, utilized cultivars ‘Meski’ and ‘Chetoui’ in regards to the removal of major elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K). The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in hydroponics culture. Measurements of leaf area showed a non-substantial and weak effect due to phosphorus, potassium, or magnesium deficiency compared to nitrogen. The growth analysis of dry matter showed an early depressive effect of nitrogen deficiency and a similar, but less important effect concerning phosphorus.

The induced nutritional stresses showed an important increase in stomata resistance, caused primarily by nitrogen or potassium deficiency, accompanied by a reduction of chlorophyll concentration, which resulted from the removal of phosphorus, magnesium, and mainly nitrogen supply. Remarkable starch synthesis and storage was also revealed following nitrogen deficiency, but it was very weak after the suppression of magnesium, which may provoke a weakening of growth and development of these plants.     

Influence of the Site of Cultivation on Chétoui Olive (Olea europaea L.) Oil Quality

Abstract

A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the effect of location on the chemical composition and quality of monovarietal virgin olive oils obtained from the Chétoui cultivar in relation to the fruit ripening stages. Three sites representative of two Tunisian olive growing regions were examined, Selten (region I (RI): original site of plantation of Chétoui variety in the north of the country), Ousletia and Jelma (region II (RII): in the central part of the country away from the original plantation site). In this study, Chétoui olive cultivar was found to have different responses to environmental conditions. Chétoui olive oils showed lower values in phenol and o-diphenol contents and were less stable to oxidation (weaker oxidative stability and antioxidant activity levels) when the olive trees were cultivated away from the original plantation site. These Chétoui olive oils are also characterized by decreased oil content and higher values of quality parameters such as free acidity, peroxide value and UV absorbance due probably to the drought during the flowering and olive ripening periods. Furthermore, many analytical parameters, i.e., chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids, oleic acid contents, total phenol and o-diphenol amounts, oxidative stability, antioxidative capacity and quality parameters showed nearly the same changes during fruit ripening but in different degrees depending on the site of the plantation.