2,4-滴微乳剂对外来入侵杂草薇甘菊的生物活性与防治效果研究

为了寻找防除薇甘菊的高效药剂,本研究测定了2,4-滴微乳对外来入侵杂草薇甘菊的生物活性和田间防治效果。通过测定抑制率求取抑制薇甘菊生长90%的有效剂量ED90,以覆盖度防效和鲜重防效为指标研究其田间防治效果。盆栽试验结果表明：喷施后30天,18% 2,4-滴微乳剂(ME)抑制薇甘菊茎叶生长的ED90值是制剂用量125.9 mL/667 m2,抑制地上部和根部鲜重的ED90分别为制剂用量99.3 mL/667 m2和141.3 mL/667m2。在田间条件下,喷药处理后15、30天,供试18% 2,4-滴ME制剂用量60~180 mL/667 m2处理时覆盖度防效均为90%以上,显著优于或相当于70%嘧磺隆WP制剂用量25 g/667 m2处理防效。处理后45天时,18%2,4-滴ME制剂用量120、180 mL/667 m2对薇甘菊的鲜重防效均在90%以上,与70%嘧磺隆WP制剂用量25 g/667 m2处理防效差异不显著。供试18% 2,4-滴ME对薇甘菊选择作用明显,具有“灭薇保草”的效果,适用于林地、非耕地和城市绿化地防治薇甘菊,有利于受薇甘菊破坏的生态环境的保护与恢复。     

分组讨论式课堂教学法的应用及优点刍议——提高高校《思想道德修养与法律基础》课课堂教学实效性的实践与探索

随着高校教学改革力度的不断加大,形式生动活泼的互动式教学已日益受到教师们的关注以及学生的认可。在诸多互动式教学的方式中,分组讨论式教学法是其中较重要的一种。教学研究发现,作为高校＂两课＂教学主干课程之一的思想道德修养与法律基础课的内容体系特点比较适合采用分组讨论式教学。而要使分组讨论式教学发挥其应有的功效,教师必须做好考评制度的设计、讨论程序的设计以及必要的课堂组织协调和监控。实践证明,采用这样的互动式教学不仅有利于激发学生的学习兴趣和主动性,有利于提高学生的综合素质,还能较有效地促进教学相长。     

统计学教学效果影响因素分析

学习态度决定学习行为,进而影响学习效果,但良好学习态度的形成受多种条件的制约或影响。为了在《统计学》教学过程中,充分调动同学的积极性,提升教学效果,进行了深入研究,最终从加强实践、丰富教法、提升教学能力等几方面给出了解决对策。     

浅析心理学原理在政治理论课教学中的运用

通过分析心理学原理在政治理论课教学中运用的重要意义。提出了运用首因效应、运用期望理论、运用兴趣引导、运用辩证思维法、运用生活体验法等心理学原理可以增强政治理论课教学效果的观点。     

Efficacy and effects on yield of different fungicides for control of wet bubble disease of mushroom caused by the mycoparasite Mycogone perniciosa

Carbendazim, iprodione, prochloraz-Mn, thiabendazole and thiophanate-methyl were tested in vitro and in vivo for their effect on Mycogone perniciosa, the mycoparasite that causes wet bubble disease of white button mushroom. In vitro experiments showed that prochloraz-Mn (ED₅₀ = 0.006–0.064 μg ml⁻¹) and carbendazim (ED₅₀ = 0.031–0.097 μg ml⁻¹) were the most effective fungicides for inhibiting the mycelial growth of M. perniciosa, while iprodione (ED₅₀ = 1.90–3.80 μg ml⁻¹) was the least effective. The resistance factors calculated for the five fungicides were between 1.4 and 2. The results obtained suggest that there is very little risk that M. perniciosa will develop resistance to the fungicides assayed. The in vivo efficacy of fungicides for control of wet bubble was studied in two mushroom cropping experiments, which were artificially infected with two doses of M. perniciosa, 10⁶ and 10⁷ spores m⁻², respectively. There was, in the low dose inoculum experiment, a very high degree of effectiveness (96.5–100.0%) with all the fungicides assayed. However, iprodione performed poorly (20.5–24.4%) compared with the other fungicides (88.7–100.0%) in the high concentration inoculum experiment. The most effective treatments for controlling wet bubble did not improve the biological efficiency of Agaricus bisporus.     

Determinants of fenhexamid effectiveness against grey mould on grapevine: Respective role of spray timing,fungicide resistance and plant defences

Botrytis bunch rot of grapes is mainly controlled by applying fungicides at three crop growth stages: the end of flowering (BBCH 68), bunch closure (BBCH 77) and the beginning of veraison (BBCH 81). The hydroxyanilide derivative fenhexamid is among the most effective fungicides registered to control Botrytis cinerea. Its effectiveness was examined in relation to spray timing, fungicide resistance and defense responses of grapevine. Overall, the earlier fenhexamid was applied, the more effective it was at controlling B. cinerea. Frequencies of B. cinerea strains which were resistant to fungicides were evaluated at harvest. The frequencies of resistant phenotypes were similar among treatments and years with the exception of a class of multidrug resistant strain (MDR 2) whose frequency appeared to increase after fenhexamid applications. If current spray programs including fenhexamid appear to control bunch rot at the current MDR frequency, a propagation of MDR 2 strains might lead to a decline in disease control. Finally, defense responses were studied in grapevine flowers/berries following fenhexamid application. None of the defense processes tested was induced in flowers/berries at stages 68 and 77. Only an increase in chitinase activity was observed in treated-berries at stage 81, suggesting that fenhexamid effectiveness was not related to a stimulation of defense responses.     

尾矿区污染土壤中重金属的形态分布及其生物有效性

采用BCR连续提取法对大宝山槽对坑尾矿区周围受污染的菜园土和水稻土中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的形态分布及其生物有效性进行了研究。结果表明,两种土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的总量均超过国家土壤环境质量相应的标准。两种污染土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的形态分布差别不大。Cd主要分布在残渣态中,占总量的60％以上,Cd各形态含量的分配顺序均为：残渣态〉酸提取态〉可氧化态〉可还原态;Pb以可还原态和残渣态为主,占总量的92％以上;Cu各形态含量的分配顺序均为：残渣态〉可还原态〉酸提取态〉可氧化态,以残渣态为主,占总量的59％以上;Zn在土壤中以残渣态占绝对优势,占总量的90％以上。菜园土和水稻土重金属生物有效性以Ph为最高,Zn为最低。     

日光温室多头切花菊品质模拟

通过不同品种和定植期试验,根据温光对菊花Dendranthema × grandiflora品质的影响,初步建立了以生理辐热积（PTEP）为尺度的日光温室多头切花菊外观品质预测模型,并用独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明：模型对日光温室多头切花菊株高、展叶数、单株叶面积、茎粗和花径的模拟值与实测值的符合度较好,模拟值与实测值基于1 ∶ 1线的决定系数（R²）和相对预测误差（E_RP）分别为0.99,0.99,0.94,0.87,0.92和7.2%,6.9%,10.2%,5.6%,18.2%,模型预测精度较高。图2表3参14     

直投式白菜泡菜发酵及杀菌工艺研究

[目的]优化直投式白菜泡菜发酵工艺及杀菌工艺。[方法]比较接种发酵和自然发酵过程中总酸度、pH值和活菌总数的变化,并对泡菜进行感官评定;比较了微波杀菌和超高压杀菌的效果;最后考察了白菜泡菜发酵液的抑菌活性。[结果]接种发酵缩短了发酵时间,其最佳工艺参数为：接种量0.4%,盐浓度4.0%;以微波杀菌和超高压杀菌为代表的杀菌方式都具有良好的杀菌效果,有望取代现有的热杀菌方式;泡菜发酵液具有抑菌活性,对延长泡菜货架期可产生积极作用。[结论]该研究可为直投式白菜泡菜的工业化生产提供科学依据。     

土壤水资源高效利用的若干生理生态问题

研究土壤水资源的特征和作物耗水与土壤水的相互关系,可以有效地指导在农业用水中增加土壤水的用水量、减少灌溉水量、提高水分利用效率,从而达到农业节水的目的。介绍了土壤水资源量的计算、土壤水分的动态规律、土壤水分的有效性和作物的需水耗水规律等农业节水中涉及的利用土壤水资源研究的若干生理生态方面内容。