Cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin induced alterations in nucleic acids and protein contents in a freshwater fish, <Emphasis Type="Italic"> Channa punctatus</Emphasis>

In this study, a freshwater fish Channa punctatus was exposed to subacute concentrations of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin) for 96 h to evaluate their impact on the levels of nucleic acids and protein in its different organs. Significant enhancement in the level of DNA was recorded in all tissues of the fish at high concentration of cypermethrin, whereas RNA and protein contents increased in tissues at all concentrations of cypermethrin tested. In contrast, λ-cyhalothrin treatment caused an increase in the level of DNA only in liver and brain, whereas increase of RNA and protein varied to different levels in different tissues. Cypermethrin treatment induced RNA/DNA ratio in all fish organs tested, whereas λ-cyhalothrin caused a sharp decrease in the ratio. Protein/DNA ratios were found to be tissue specific in treatments with both of the insecticides. The results clearly indicated that both of these pyrethroids exerted their effects in a similar manner in fish liver but differed in other tissues. These insecticides acted as potential biomodulators in C. punctatus, though following different routes. The results may be an indicator of aquatic pollution affecting freshwater fauna and flora and thus signaling the need for strict regulation on the indiscriminate input of pyrethroids from agricultural sites.     

氯氰菊酯对金鱼鱼种的急性毒性研究

[目的]研究氯氰菊酯对金鱼鱼种的急性毒性。[方法]采用常规生物急性毒性试验方法,研究氯氰菊酯对金鱼鱼种的急性毒性。[结果]结果表明,氯氰菊酯对金鱼鱼种24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度MTL（Median tolerance limits）分别为17.10、13.50、10.74和10.53μg/L,安全浓度为1.05μg/L。[结论]该研究结果为金鱼及相关观赏鱼的鱼病防治工作提供参考依据。     

3%阿维·高氯EC的毒力及对大豆害虫的防治效果

阿维菌素与高效氯氰菊酯的复配剂 3%阿维·高氯EC ,经室内对小菜蛾的毒力测定 ,其共毒系数为 16 1.91,表现增效作用。田间小区试验 ,对大豆卷叶螟 330ml/hm2 ( 2 5 0 0倍液 )药后 1、3、7d的校正防效分别为 91.31%、95 .86 %、96 .6 8% ;对大豆造桥虫同剂量处理 ,药后 1、3、7d的校正防效为 89.34%、98.2 0 %、98.85 % ,效果较为理想     

In vivo biochemical changes in liver and gill of Clarias batrachus during cypermethrin exposure and following cessation of exposure

The sublethal effect of a synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin on total protein, amino acids, ammonia, glycogen, and enzymes like aminotransaminases (AIAT, AAT), glutamate dehydrogenase, and glycogen phosphorylases (a and ab) was studied in physiological important tissues viz; liver and gill tissues of freshwater teleost air breathing fish, Clarias batrachus. The study was conducted during exposure of 1/3 (33%) of LC₅₀ concentration and followed by cessation of exposure. Thirty-six fish were exposed to 0.07 mg/L cypermethrin for 10 days. After 10 days, 18 fish were released to freshwater and kept in the same for 10 days (recovery group). Thirty-six fish were kept in freshwater as control batch. Protein content in liver tissues decreased at the end of 1st and 5th day followed by slight increase at the end of 10th day. Gill tissue showed statistical significant decrease (P < 0.001) in protein content during exposure period of 10 days. Recovery in protein content was observed to a large extent in both the tissues. Total free amino acids were increased in liver and gill tissues throughout the treatment period, recovery response was seen after cessation of exposure. Ammonia level was decrease in both the tissues throughout the exposure period except in liver tissue at the end of 1st day of exposure. Recovery response was exhibited by both the tissues. A decreased in glycogen content of liver tissue was observed during exposure period, gill tissue also showed decrease in glycogen at the end of 1st and 5th day followed by increase at the end of 10th day of exposure period. When the fish were transferred to freshwater, recovery in glycogen content was noted. The activity level of alanine, aspartate aminotransaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and phosphorylases (a, ab) was increased in both the tissues, followed by recovery response after released of fish into freshwater. The present study showed that cypermethrin caused alterations in certain biochemical mechanisms of C. batrachus. This fish indicated recovery response when transferred to cypermethrin free water.     

Binding of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin to blood proteins

The features of two insecticides (chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin) binding to two blood proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and bovine hemoglobin (BHb), were investigated via the fluorescence method. The results revealed that both insecticides caused the fluorescence quenching of BSA and the fluorescence enhancement of BHb. A new parameter (F_E), i.e., the fluorescence intensity when adequate insecticide was added, was introduced to obtain the association constant (K_A) and the number of binding sites (n). K_A and n of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin binding to BSA were 2.99 × 10⁵ and 5.22 × 10⁵ L mol⁻¹, 1.25 and 0.78, respectively. K_A and n of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin binding to BHb were 2.94 × 10⁴ and 2.48 × 10⁴ L mol⁻¹, 1.75 and 2.19, respectively. In conclusion, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin could bind to BSA and BHb, and the binding of both insecticides to BSA was significantly stronger than that of insecticides to BHb. These could affect the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of insecticides.     

微生物修复剂S35对氯氰菊酯污染棚室土壤修复研究

对复合微生物菌剂S35在土壤中对氯氰菊酯的降解效果及其生态安全性进行了监测研究。通过在棚室土壤中添加氯氰菊酯并施用菌剂,定期监测土壤中残留氯氰菊酯、菌剂S35微生物定殖水平,土壤真菌微生物多样性变化,土壤理化指标,种植作物生长指标从而评估菌剂施用效果及其安全性。结果表明初始土壤中氯氰菊酯含量约85 mg/kg,使用0.1%菌剂,经过40 d修复期后,修复土壤中残留的氯氰菊酯浓度降至9.25 mg/kg,下降了约89%,对照组残留量为48.34 mg/kg,下降了约47%,与对照相比具有显著差异(T-test p=0.04)。复合菌剂S35中的效能微生物SSCL-3,SSCL-5可在土壤中稳定的定殖并发挥降解氯氰菊酯的作用。S35菌剂可逐步改善了污染土壤的真菌微生物多样性,土壤理化指标及观测作物番茄生长未受到菌剂负面影响。可以初步认为S35是有效并且安全的氯氰菊酯污染土壤修复剂。     

氯氰菊酯污染土壤的微生物修复及对土著微生物的影响

在实验室条件下,在含有氯氰菊酯的土壤中添加氯氰菊酯和3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA)降解菌CDT3(Rhodococcussp.)和PBM11(Pesudomonassp.),同时设不加菌的对照。分别于0、3、7、15、30 d取样,测定土壤中氯氰菊酯和3-PBA的残留,同时用平板计数和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)方法分析土壤微生物群落的变化。结果显示:CDT3和PBM11在土壤中协同作用能够更好地降解氯氰菊酯及其中间产物3-PBA。氯氰菊酯对土著微生物有较强的抑制作用。投加降解菌可以消除农药对土壤微生物的抑制,有助于土著微生物种群的恢复,但短期内无法改变农药对土壤微生物结构的破坏。