浙江省山药资源开发利用现状及其发展前景

山药在我国栽培历史悠久,既是食用的滋补保健佳品,又是常用的药材。对浙江山药资源的利用现状和存在的问题进行了阐述,并从山药的菜用、药用和国内外市场等方面的前景进行预测分析,提出浙江山药产业发展的6点对策。     

肥料运筹对山药膨大及产量的影响

在山药栽培中，施肥直接影响到块茎的膨大及产量的形成。在施足基肥的前提下，块茎生长初期和盛期施肥量分别占总追肥的６０％和４０％，结合生长后期的根外追肥，可确保其地上部有足够的光合面积，为地下块茎的迅速膨大及膨大盛期的延长提供丰富的光合产物，从而夺得高产稳产。     

Effects of organic fertilizers on yam productivity and some soil properties of a nutrient-depleted tropical Alfisol

Field experiments were conducted at Owo, southwest Nigeria to select organic fertilizer treatments most suitable for sustaining high soil fertility and yam productivity on a nutrient-depleted tropical Alfisol. Eight organic fertilizer treatments were applied at 20 t ha^?1 with a reference treatment inorganic fertilizer (NPK 15–15–15) at 400 kg ha^?1 and natural soil fertility (control), laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that organic fertilizers significantly increased (p = 0.05) tuber weight and growth of yam, soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg, soil pH and organic C concentrations compared with the NSF (control). The oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment increased tuber weight, vine length, number of leaves and leaf area of yam by 66, 25, 21 and 52%, respectively, compared with inorganic fertilizer (NPK) and 37, 22, 19 and 44%, respectively, compared with poultry manure alone. Sole or mixed forms of organic fertilizers showed significant improvement in soil physical conditions compared with IF (NPK) and NSF (control). Synergistic use of oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure at 10 t ha^?1 each was most effective for sustainable management of soils and for improving agronomic productivity of yam.     

Soil properties and yam yield under different tillage systems in a tropical Alfisol

In Nigeria, information is lacking regarding the most suitable tillage method in extensive yam production. Hence, five tillage methods were compared at two sites in 2008–2010 with reference to their effects on soil physical and chemical properties, leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and tuber yield of yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) on Alfisols at Owo (site A) and Akure (site B), south-west Nigeria. The tillage methods were: zero tillage (ZT), manual ridging (MR), manual mounding (MM), ploughing + harrowing (P + H) and ploughing + harrowing + ridging (P + H + R). P + H + R had lower soil bulk density than other tillage methods and resulted in higher leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg and yam tuber yield. In ZT, bulk density, soil moisture content, soil organic C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg were significantly higher and temperature lower than other tillage methods. Results of multiple regressions revealed that bulk density significantly influenced the yield of yam rather than soil chemical properties. Compared with MR, MM, P + H and ZT, and averaged across years, P + H + R increased yam tuber yield by 12.3, 12.8, 34.9 and 50.7%, respectively, in site A and 12.9, 13.5, 25.2 and 44.5%, respectively, in site B. P + H + R was found to be most advantageous and is therefore recommended for yam cultivation.     

魔芋（Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu）叶面积测定方法的？…

以叶面积仪实测的魔芋（Ａｍｏｒｐｈｏｐｈａｌｌｕｓ ｒｉｖｉｅｒｉ Ｄｕｒｉｅｕ）叶面积为参照,分别获得了用叶片上各小裂片的长径（Ｌ）与短径（Ｗ）计算叶面积的校正值（Ｋ１＝０．６３）和用叶片上３个羽片的长度（Ｄ）与羽片的开张度（Ｅ）计算叶面积的校正值（Ｋ２＝０．５２）;得到了用Ｌ和Ｗ计算的单株叶面积为０．６３∑ｎｉ＝１ＬｉＷｉ（ｎ为小裂片总数）,用Ｄ和Ｅ计算的单株叶面积为０．５２∑ｉ＝１ＤｉＥｉ（     

江西瑞昌山药炭疽病菌的形态及分子鉴定

为了明确江西瑞昌山药炭疽病病原菌种类归属,本文从当地采集呈典型症状的炭疽病叶片进行了病原菌分离鉴定.通过组织分离获得8个在培养性状和分生孢子形态大小均一致且均具有致病性的分离株,8个分离株在PDA平板上菌落初为白色,后变为灰色至深灰色,菌落中央产生橘红色黏质分生孢子团.分生孢子无色,长椭圆形至纺锤形,单胞,大小为(15.6~18.0)μm×(3.6~6.0)μm.对其中之一的分离株YRRC-1进行rDNA-ITS区段扩增和序列测定,获得长度为536 bp的rDNA-ITS序列,该序列与胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的对应序列同源性达100%.根据分离病菌的培养特征、形态大小和序列鉴定结果,认为瑞昌山药炭疽病菌属于胶孢炭疽菌(C. gloeosporioides).     

宣木瓜饮料的工艺研究

[目的]以宣木瓜为主要原料,并添加黄精、山药、葛根和枸杞等药食同源的成分作为辅料,旨在开发一种具有清心润肺、健脾开胃、舒筋活络功效的功能性饮料。[方法]首先以感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验确定木瓜、白砂糖、黄精、山药、葛根和枸杞等成分的最适添加量,在此基础上通过正交试验优化该饮料的配方。[结果]该饮料的最佳配方为宣木瓜果肉8.00%,白砂糖8.00%,黄精0.20%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.20%,山药0.10%,葛根0.06%,枸杞0.02%。其关键生产工艺条件为:在35 MPa下均质1次,90～95℃下杀菌20 min。[结论]研制的宣木瓜饮料各质量指标均符合国家标准,具有推广价值。     

晋山药栽培密度试验

主要探讨山药在大田大面积生产时的合理栽培密度,包括合理的株距、行距。从通风透光的角度探讨了不同株距、行距对最终产量和商品性的影响。其中,商品性按等级分为4级,一级为直径8 cm以上,二级为直径6～8 cm,三级为直径4～6 cm,四级为直径4 cm以下。根据最终经济产量计算出各种密度下的光能利用率,最高为0.459%。从商品性而言,等级为二级的行距为80 cm,株距为20 cm的占26.9%;等级为三级的行距为80 cm,株距为20 cm的占73.9%;由此可见,行距为80 cm、株距为20 cm的栽培密度下,较大直径所占的百分率均为最高。表明行距为80 cm、株距为20 cm时产量最高,山药的商品性也最好,为晋山药大田大面积栽培的合理密度。     

怀山药高产栽培技术

"怀山药"是河南省沈丘县种植的一个优质高产山药品种,地势平坦,土层深厚,雨水充沛,光照充足,气候温和,四季分明,适宜于山药的生长,历史上就有种植山药的习惯。详细介绍怀山药高产栽培技术。