氮磷钾用量对基质培茄子产量、根系形态和根际微生物数量与酶活性的影响

【目的】研究日光温室基质培条件下,不同氮磷钾用量对茄子产量、根系生长和根际基质中微生物数量及酶活性的影响,为基质培茄子氮磷钾养分合理施用提供理论依据。【方法】采用基质槽栽和水肥一体化滴灌方式,以前期试验得到的基质配方沙子:炉渣:菇渣=6:3:1（体积比）为栽培基质,以不施肥处理为对照（CK）,以目标产量施肥量（目标产量施肥量=（目标产量需肥量-基质中速效养分含量）/化肥利用率）设定100%施肥量（F4）,在此基础上,分别减少60%（F1）、40%（F2）、20%（F3）及增加20%（F5）和40%（F6）施肥量,研究氮磷钾用量对茄子产量、根系发育和根际基质微生物数量和酶活性的影响。【结果】茄子单株产量随氮磷钾用量增加呈先增高后降低的趋势,较CK增产幅度为101.1%—212.9%,F3处理下单株产量最高,比CK高212.9%（P<0.05）。根际基质中微生物以细菌为主,其次为放线菌,真菌较少。定植90 d后,随氮磷钾施用量增加,茄子根际基质中速效氮、磷、钾含量逐渐增加,细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,F3处理下均较高,高氮磷钾处理（F4、F5和F6）下脲酶活性较高;根系活力、根系总长度和根系表面积呈先增加后降低的趋势,在F2处理下较高,分别较CK增加109.2%、49.2%和46.5%,差异显著。细菌数量与基质酶活性呈显著正相关,脲酶活性与速效氮、磷、钾含量呈极显著正相关,过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活性与速效磷、钾含量呈显著正相关;细菌数量、过氧化氢酶活性与根系活力和产量呈极显著正相关,脲酶活性、速效磷、速效钾含量与根系活力和产量呈显著正相关,根系活力与单株产量呈极显著正相关。【结论】在沙子:炉渣:菇渣=6:3:1（体积比）的栽培基质条件下,日光温室冬春茬茄子的适宜氮磷钾用量分别为N 180.6 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 212.1 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 434.9 kg·hm^-2,依此量施肥有利于茄子产量、根系活力和基质微生物数量及酶活性的提高,可为茄子生长提供良好的微生态环境。     

氮磷钾配施对戈壁日光温室基质槽培番茄产量和品质的影响

【目的】研究氮、磷、钾肥配施对戈壁日光温室有机基质槽培番茄产量和品质的影响,以探明基质槽培番茄高产优质的适宜氮、磷、钾施用量及配比。【方法】在戈壁日光温室有机基质槽培条件下,以番茄品种吉诺比利为试材,采用氮磷钾3因素5水平正交旋转组合设计,共计20个处理,测定不同施肥处理番茄的产量与品质,然后以氮、磷、钾肥施用量的编码值为自变量,番茄的产量与品质综合评分为因变量进行二次多项式回归分析,得到氮、磷、钾肥与番茄产量和品质之间的回归模型,在此基础上,对氮、磷、钾肥进行主效因子、单因子以及互作效应分析,最终确定了番茄高产优质的氮、磷、钾肥施用量及配比。【结果】建立了氮、磷、钾肥施用量编码值与番茄产量和品质综合评分之间的回归模型,经F检验可知回归关系达极显著水平。主效因子分析结果显示,3种肥料因子对番茄产量和品质的影响均以氮肥最大,钾肥次之,磷肥较小,表明氮是影响戈壁日光温室有机基质槽培番茄产量和品质的首要因素。单因子效应分析结果显示,随着氮、磷、钾施肥量的增加,番茄产量和品质综合评分均先增加后降低。互作效应分析结果显示,氮磷、磷钾、氮钾之间的互作效应对番茄产量的影响达到了极显著水平。利用模型决策分析表明,戈壁日光温室秋冬茬基质槽培番茄目标产量大于80 000 kg/hm²时的施肥方案为：N 284~367 kg/hm²,P₂O₅ 173~228 kg/hm²,K₂O 437~566 kg/hm²;番茄品质综合评分超85分的优化施肥方案为：N 311~407 kg/hm²,P₂O₅ 221~291 kg/hm²,K₂O 454~592 kg/hm²。【结论】戈壁日光温室有机基质槽培番茄产量大于80 000 kg/hm²、品质综合评分超85分的施肥方案为：N 311~367 kg/hm²,P₂O₅ 221~228 kg/hm²,K₂O 454~566 kg/hm²,适宜的 N、P₂O₅、K₂O施用量之比约为1∶0.66∶1.50。     

不同基质配比对盆栽香菜生长及品质的影响

以“大叶香菜”为试验材料,设置T1（草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=3∶1∶1）、T2（草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶有机肥=6∶1∶1∶2）、T3（草炭∶蛭石∶有机肥=3∶1∶1）、T4（草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶有机肥=2∶1∶1∶1）、T5（草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶有机肥=1∶1∶1∶1）和T6（草炭∶蛭石∶有机肥=2∶1∶1）共6种基质配比种植盆栽香菜,研究不同基质配比对盆栽香菜生长及品质的影响。结果表明,T4处理的盆栽香菜茎粗、根长和根体积等生长指标优于其他处理,全株鲜质量相对较大,为2.854 g,全株干质量具有最大值,为0.384 g。T4处理的品质指标可溶性蛋白含量、维生素C含量和叶绿素含量也相对较高,分别为37.78、0.20和2.02 mg/g。因此,建议使用草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶有机肥=2∶1∶1∶1的基质配比进行盆栽香菜的种植。      

不同育苗基质对团花苗木生长的影响研究

开展11种育苗基质对团花苗木生长的影响试验研究,定期对苗木高、地径,地上部分及地下部分的生物量进行测定与分析。结果表明,团花苗木在育苗基质k-2和基质k-9中生长效果最好,在苗木培育过程中,后期生长缓慢有利于苗木的充分木质化,提高造林成活率。咖啡壳作为团花的育苗基质是可行的。     

不同复配基质理化性质及其对辣椒幼苗生长发育的影响

为确定适宜辣椒无土穴盘育苗基质配方,以玉米芯为发酵原料,EM酵素菌、有机物料腐熟剂、金宝贝菌剂为发酵菌剂,以筛选出最佳的发酵菌剂,后将用最佳菌剂发酵好的玉米芯与蛭石、珍珠岩按不同比例复配,进行育苗配比优化试验。结果表明,EM酵素菌为最佳发酵菌剂;玉米芯固持作用差,适合与其他基质复配,可形成理化性质良好的有机型基质,以复配基质处理A1（玉米芯：蛭石=1：1）和A4（玉米芯：蛭石：珍珠岩=2：1：1）辣椒幼苗干质量、鲜质量、壮苗指数较高,与对照水平相似,且出苗率较高,出苗期较集中。     

Treatment of shrimp farm effluent with omnivorous finfish and artificial substrates

Long‐term environmental sustainability and community acceptance of the shrimp farming industry in Australia requires on‐going development of efficient cost‐effective effluent treatment options. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a shrimp farm treatment system containing finfish and vertical artificial substrates (VAS). This was achieved by (1) quantifying the individual and collective effects of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) and VASs on water and sediment quality, and (2) comparing the retention of N in treatment systems with and without the presence of finfish (M. cephalus and the siganid Siganus nebulosus (Quoy & Gaimard)), where light was selectively removed. Artificial substrates were found to significantly improve the settlement of particulate material, regardless of the presence of finfish. Mullet actively resuspended settled solids and reduced the production of nitrate when artificial substrates were absent. However, appreciable nitrification was observed when mullet were present together with artificial substrates. The total quantity of N retained by the mullet was found to be 1.8– 2.4% of the incoming pond effluent N. It was estimated that only 21% of the pond effluent N was available for mullet consumption. When S. nebulosus was added, total finfish N retention increased from 1.8% to 3.9%, N retention by mullet also improved (78±16 to 132±21‐mg N day^?1 before and after siganid addition respectively). Presence of filamentous macroalgae (Enteromorpha spp.) was found to improve the removal of N from pond effluent relative to treatments where light was excluded. Denitrification was also a significant sink for N (up to 24% N removed). Despite the absence of algal productivity and greater availability of nitrate, denitrification was not higher in treatments where light was excluded. Mullet were found to have no effect on the rates of denitrification but significantly reduced macroalgal growth on the surface of the water. When mullet were absent, excessive macroalgal growth led to reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations and nitrification. This study concludes that the culture of mullet alone in shrimp farm effluent treatment systems does not result in significant retention of N but can contribute to the control of macroalgal biomass. To improve N retention and removal, further work should focus on polyculturing a range of species and also on improving denitrification.     

大竹蛏亲体暂养技术简报

通过对大竹蛏(Solen grandis Dunker)亲蛏(体长9～12 cm,体重45.76±6.78 g)从采捕运输到人工暂养培育的一系列试验工作,结果表明:亲蛏的挑选以体长9~13 cm、活泼健康、肥满度好的3龄个体为最佳。经7天试验,采用细沙作为底质进行亲蛏暂养的效果良好,成活率达98.5％,个体排卵量约300万粒;不铺任何底质暂养的亲蛏,成活率仅16.4％.不能正常排放精卵。     

高山阳荷笋软化栽培基质配方试验

随着生活水平的提高,人们对蔬菜的需求不单是数量上的满足,而是食物结构的优化以及营养与保健。阳荷作为山区特有的一种药食同源野生蔬菜,其春季初生笋芽肉质鲜嫩肥厚,香味浓郁独特,维生素C、粗纤维等营养物质含量较普通蔬菜更高,市场需求逐渐增大。文章从栽培基质、营养配方组成两方面对阳荷笋软化栽培技术进行研究,并检测其营养成分。以河沙基质为对照,河沙加有机肥产量提高53.8%,土壤基质产量提高30.9%;软化栽培使鲜笋中可溶性糖提高3.57倍,维生素含量提高7.55倍,但软化栽培的微量元素含量普遍比大田种植的低。     

Substrate concentration affects the in vitro metabolism of 17-hydroxyprogesterone by ovaries of the carp,Cyprinus carpio

Carp ovarian tissue was incubated with ³H-17-hydroxyprogesterone in the presence of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg ml⁻¹ unlabeled 17-hydroxyprogesterone. The pattern of metabolites formed showed a marked variation with substrate concentration. Formation of glucuronide and sulphate conjugates was important only at low substrate concentration. At high substrate concentration (10 and 100 μg ml⁻¹) 17,20α-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was the major metabolite, but at intermediate concentrations polar 7α-hydroxypregnanetetrols predominated. The results support the hypothesis that at low substrate concentrations conjugating, 5α-reducing and 7α-hydroxylating enzymes, of high activity but low capacity, act as scavengers to deactivate any steroids formed during the relatively low pituitary gonadotrophin secretions which are necessary for oocyte development, but that during the prespawning gonadotrophin surge when high levels of substrate are present these enzymes are saturated and 17,20α-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20αP) becomes the major ovarian steroid. The possible role of 17,20αP during oocyte final maturation requires further examination.     

CDK5磷酸化底物及其作用研究进展

CDK5(Cyclin-dependent kinase 5)是脯氨酸导向的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(CDK)家族成员之一,CDK5与特异的调节子结合并激活后,通过磷酸化底物在维持神经细胞的正常发育和有丝分裂后神经细胞的功能及骨架结构方面起着重要作用。研究表明,CDK5可对不同的信号传导通路上靶蛋白的磷酸化参与脑发育早期神经细胞轴突分化、生长及导向等神经系统发育事件进行调节。对CDK5磷酸化底物进行综述,旨在为CDK5作用机制及新功能的研究提供有益的启示。