湖南省退耕还林工程社会经济效益调查研究

调查结果显示：①农户家庭总收入和净收入退耕后2004年，分别增长41．54％、62．95％，且退耕后农户家庭收入结构也发生了一定的变化；②农户家庭生活和文化消费总支出退耕后2004年增长率分别为37．28％、51．17％，且退耕后农户家庭的生活和文化消费支出结构也发生了一定的变化；③恩格尔系数退耕后2004年下降了3．56％，说明退耕后农民的生活水平得到了进一步提高；④农户家庭就医率和适龄儿童入学率上升到了退耕后2004年的84.5％、97．8％；⑤生态环境建设在我省干部和农户心目中的地住逐渐提高，说明生态环境建设在我省干部和群众中奠定了坚实的民意基础，产生了较为深远的影响力。     

闽北乡村社会林业发展的项目带动策略

从社会林业参与性的角度,提出了发展龙头林业企业,推进生产的区域化和产业化;注重实效,发挥科技示范户的示范与辐射作用;合理引导,充分发挥"民工经济"效应;加强科技创新,进一步健全与完善乡村科技推广体系的乡村社会林业发展的项目带动策略。     

村民自助组织与社区森林恢复与保护的关系

作者从社会人类学的角度,阐述了森林周边社区的村民自助组织是社区森林可持续管理的重要载体的理论依据.作者以西双版纳热带森林恢复与保护项目为案例,深度剖析了村民自助组织的成立的过程和产生的作用.森林的有效管理有赖于当地社区的有效组织和集体行动,村民自助组织是开展集体行动、管理森林资源的一项必要的社会工程.作者认为建立村民自助组织是一项复杂的社会工程,是社区森林管理的必要条件,加强社会工程与森林的恢复与保护的联系,还需要社区组织对森林管理的进一步投入,进一步协调森林资源保护与发展创收活动的矛盾,同时,赋权的过程还需要宏观政策的支持和对村民自助组织的认识的提高.     

The tree tenure factor in agroforestry with particular reference to Africa

Rights over trees are often distinct from rights over land. Tree tenure consists of a bundle of rights over trees and their produce which may be held by different people at different times. These rights include the right to own or inherit trees, the right to plant trees, the right to use trees and tree products, the right to dispose of trees and the right to exclude others from the use of trees and tree products. Factors affecting who had rights include the nature of the tree, the nature of the use and the nature of the person or group. Landowners and tree plants tend to be relatively advantaged in terms of their rights to trees. Those with temporary claims to the land and, in some case, women, tend to be disadvantaged. The implications of tree tenure issues for the design of agroforestry projects are discussed.

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Resumen Los derechos sobre los arboles muchas veces son distintos a los derechos sobre la tierra. La propiedad del arbol consiste en un lote o derechos sobre arboles y sus productos que pueden ser mantenidos por distintas personas en distintos tiempos. Estos derechos incluyen el derecho a poseer o heredar arboles, el derecho a plantar arboles, el derecho a usar arboles y los productos arboreos, el derecho a disponer de los arboles y el derecho a excluir a otros del uso de los arboles y los productos arboreos. Se incluyen en los factores que afectan quienes tienen determinados derechos la naturaleza de los arboles, la naturaleza de su uso y la naturaleza dela persona o grupo. Terratenientes y plantadores de arboles tienden a tener ventajas en terminos de sus derechos sobre los arboles. Aquellos con derechos temporales y en algunos casos las mujeres tienden a estar en desventaja. Aqui se discute la problematica de las implicancias de la tenencia de los arboles para el diseno de proyectos silvo-agropecuarios.

     

辽河流域防洪系统综合评价指标体系研究

随着我国许多流域防洪体系建设的逐渐完善和水利部门防洪思路的逐渐改变，对流域防洪系统进行综合评价显得很有必要，而要进行防洪系统综合评价首先要建立评价指标体系。阐述了社会系统、经济系统和防洪系统之间的既相互制约又相互促进的关系，说明三者处于一种动态的协调平衡中；结合三者之间的关系，从辽河流域实际情况出发，考虑资料收集的可行性，以全面而精练为准则，分别建立了社会系统、经济系统和防洪系统指标体系，以期对辽河流域防洪系统进行全面、客观的科学评价。该指标体系结合实际作适当修改可以应用于其他流域的防洪系统评价中。     

农民工社会保障相对独立性初探

以农民工社会保障体系与城镇、农村社会保障体系的关系为研究视角,提出了在现阶段农民工社会保障应相对独立于城镇社会保障体系和农村社会保障体系,这是农民工职业、身份、风险的变化的要求,是农民工社会保障不宜纳入城镇社会保障体系的现实选择。在此基础上,本文还提出建立相对独立的农民工社会保障体系的基本框架:即以工伤保险为先,医疗保险、失业保险、养老保险、最低保障为主,内容逐步扩充。     

An integrated hydro-economic modelling framework to evaluate water allocation strategies II: Scenario assessment

In this paper the results of an assessment of the hydrological and economic implications of reallocating water in the Musi sub-basin, a catchment within the Krishna Basin in India, are reported. Policy makers identified a number of different but plausible scenarios that could apply in the sub-basin, involving; supplying additional urban demand from agricultural allocations of water, implementing a number of demand management strategies, changing the timing of releases for hydropower generation, changing the crops grown under irrigation, reducing existing stream flows and allowing for more environmental flows. The framework chosen to undertake this assessment was a simulation model that measures and compares the economic values of water allocation scenarios determined from a water allocation model that accounts for supplies of groundwater and surface water across a number of regions and over a variety of uses. Policy makers are provided with the range of measures on the security of the supply of water and the social costs and benefits of reallocating water between sectors and across regions within the sub-basin. Taking water from agriculture to supply urban users has a greater impact on irrigation supplies during dry years. It was also found that changing the allocation of water between sectors, by taking it away from agriculture had a large positive economic impact on the urban sector. Yet the costs involved in undertaking such a strategy results in a significant loss in the net present value of the scheme. Stream flow reductions, if significantly large (at around 20%), were found to have a large physical and economic impact on the agricultural sector. Implementing water saving strategies in Hyderabad was found to be more cost effective than taking water from agriculture, if rainwater tanks are used to achieve this. Changing the timing of hydropower flows resulted in best meeting of irrigation demand in NSLC and NSRC. Under this scenario, the crops grown under irrigation were found to have a significant economic impact on the sub-basin, but not as large as farmers undertaking crop diversification strategies, ones which result in farmers growing less rice. The security of supplying water to different agricultural zones has significantly improved under this scenario. Finally, releasing water for environmental purposes was found to have only a minor impact on the agricultural sector.     

浅谈农村社会保障与政府职能转变

政府职能反映着公共行政的基本内容和活动方向,是公共行政的本质表现.文章结合政府职能转变,立足于农村社会保障,探讨了政府职能的缺位表现,并通过加强农村社会保障立法制度建设,完善农村社会保障的社会管理机制,鼓励和支持商业保险进驻农村市场探讨了政府职能的转变方向.     

Distribution, habitat and biomass of Pittosporum undulatum, the most important woody plant invader in the Azores Archipelago

Pittosporum undulatum Ventenat (Pittosporaceae) is a tree or shrub native to Australia introduced in the Azores Islands in the 19th century, presently naturalized in the nine islands. According to a random survey of vascular plants in the Azores, the invader is present throughout the archipelago, in 62% of 547 1-km² samples. It was found in pure or mixed stands, forming groups and also as isolated trees. P. undulatum was frequently found in native scrubland (62%), mixed woodland (39%) and hedgerows (25%). The altitudinal range extended from sea level up to about 800 m a.s.l., with the highest frequency between 100 and 400 m. The woody species more strongly associated with P. undulatum included characteristic native and endemic species as well as non-indigenous and invasive taxa. Based on a forest inventory, 49% of the forested area in the Azores, about 24,000 ha, is occupied by P. undulatum. Considerable areas inside Island Natural Parks are covered by this species. The estimated annual P. undulatum biomass production in the Azores might range from only about 150 Mg in the small island of Corvo up to more than 60,000 Mg in Pico Island. The heating value of its wood and its chemical composition make it a good candidate for use in combustion or gasification processes. Since there are no resources available to control this large-scale invasion, using P. undulatum biomass for energy production might be an important factor to stimulate the progressive and sustainable cutting of its stands and its replacement by Macaronesian species.     

重庆江津市土地利用变化及社会驱动力分析

运用重庆江津市1990~2002年土地利用数据,分析其土地利用的动态变化及土地利用程度等变化情况,得出耕地面积变化是该区土地利用变化的核心类型。接着运用其社会经济发展状况有关数据和主成分分析法对耕地面积变化的社会驱动力作定量分析,总结出经济发展、城镇化和工业化、人口增长、农业生产效益、政治经济政策这5个因素是引起其耕地利用变化的主要社会驱动力因子。