Common vole (Microtus arvalis) ecology and management: implications for risk assessment of plant protection products

Common voles (Microtus arvalis) are common small mammals in some European landscapes. They can be a major rodent pest in European agriculture and they are also a representative generic focal small herbivorous mammal species used in risk assessment for plant protection products. In this paper, common vole population dynamics, habitat and food preferences, pest potential and use of the common vole as a model small wild mammal species in the risk assessment process are reviewed. Common voles are a component of agroecosystems in many parts of Europe, inhabiting agricultural areas (secondary habitats) when the carrying capacity of primary grassland habitats is exceeded. Colonisation of secondary habitats occurs during multiannual outbreaks, when population sizes can exceed 1000 individuals ha^?1. In such cases, in‐crop common vole population control management has been practised to avoid significant crop damage. The species' status as a crop pest, high fecundity, resilience to disturbance and intermittent colonisation of crop habitats are important characteristics that should be reflected in risk assessment. Based on the information provided in the scientific literature, it seems justified to modify elements of the current risk assessment scheme for plant protection products, including the use of realistic food intake rates, reduced assessment factors or the use of alternativee focal rodent species in particular European regions. Some of these adjustments are already being applied in some EU member states. Therefore, it seems reasonable consistently to apply such pragmatic and realistic approaches in risk assessments for plant protection products across the EU. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

农地确权成果在耕地景观格局分析中的应用

如何将农地确权数据成果应用于农业发展尚在探讨中。研究将农地确权数据成果应用在耕地景观格局分析中,以郑家镇为例,基于2015年农村土地承包经营权确权登记工作中实测法得到的承包地块矢量数据,结合多光谱遥感影像数据,采用景观指数法,分别从镇级、村级两种空间尺度对耕地的自然景观和权属景观格局特征进行了对比分析。结果表明,相同空间尺度下,耕地自然景观与权属景观存在差异,承包经营权制度对耕地景观格局具有影响。在村级尺度下,各村耕地分配具有差异性。郑家镇耕地整体景观表现为一致的聚集程度高,但不同空间尺度下耕地破碎化、连片分布情况和斑块形状复杂程度不一致。农地确权数据成果可在不同空间尺度支持耕地景观格局分析,依据分析结果可以支持不同行政级别的农村耕地承包地权属分配、流转用地经营空间布局和耕地利用整理等农业管理工作,辅助智慧农业发展。     

The importance of regulatory data protection or exclusive use and other forms of intellectual property rights in the crop protection industry

In order for a chemical plant protection product to be authorised for sale a registration dossier has to be assembled to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of government regulators. These studies and tests are protected for a period of 10 years in Europe, North America and some other jurisdictions from the date of first product authorisation so that only the data owner can gain commercial benefit from the data. Subsequent regulatory reviews which require new studies should not result in further periods of regulatory data protection exclusive use for the new data but compensation should be payable to the data generator. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

70%吡虫啉WDG防治杭白菊蚜虫应用技术研究

为有效控制杭白菊上蚜虫危害,进行安全性测定和田间药效试验来优化70%吡虫啉WDG防治蚜虫的应用技术。结果表明,70%吡虫啉WDG对不同品种杭白菊（‘金菊2号’、‘小黄菊’、‘早小洋菊’、‘异种大白菊’、‘麻城福田白菊’）具有很好的安全性。浙江和湖北的田间药效试验结果表明,70%吡虫啉WDG对菊花上的棉蚜、桃蚜、菊小管蚜等蚜虫具有很好速效性和持效性的防治效果;使用量为52.5ga.i./hm2时,喷雾1天后的校正防效即可达70%以上,喷雾3天后的防效达85%以上,喷雾7天后的防效达90%以上,喷雾14天后的防效仍维持在80%以上,且没有观察到对杭白菊和非靶标生物的不利影响。70%吡虫啉WDG适宜在杭白菊上登记防治蚜虫,可在生产上推广应用。     

中国草品种审定登记工作进展

介绍了中国草品种审定登记机构的发展与变革、草品种审定标准体系建设、国家草品种区域试验网建设、草品种审定登记情况等。截至2010年,全国草品种审定委员会已审定登记草品种434个,其中引进品种138个,育成品种161个,野生栽培品种86个,地方品种49个。在审定标准制定、国家草品种区域试验网络建设和品种审定数量等方面均有所突破。同时,对当前中国草品种审定工作中存在的问题进行了讨论,并提出了改进和完善的建议。     

Support system for efficient dosage of orchard and vineyard spraying products

This paper establishes a system to support the dose evaluation part of the pesticide registration process so that growers can make more efficient use of different spraying products across a broad range of European orchards and vineyards. The system comprises: a dose adjustment model and a small database of standard target structures (i.e., regional exemplars where efficient and efficacious use of pesticide is obtained at the label dose rate). The model includes a generalised scaling group relationship between the parameters that describe: sprayer output, target row structure and spray volume deposit. The upper limit for dose adjustment is based on the environmental fate of pesticide and this is represented in the model by the ratio of maximum ground area dose rate to minimum efficacious deposit which is normalised for alignment with target structure measurements. The model is used to examine the leaf-wall-area dose rate recently proposed by the European agrochemical manufacturing industry for harmonising pesticide registration. Good agreement is demonstrated between published measurements and model predictions of ground area and leaf-wall-area dose rate variation at constant deposit for a wide range of target structures (i.e., English pome- and stone-fruit orchards and Italian vineyards). The results are used to establish standard target structures for spraying products with different uses. These standards are needed by regulators to: translate between the different methods of expressing dose rate and improve the accuracy of label dose recommendations. The standards are also needed by growers to enable: more accurate calibration of spraying equipment and prediction of the optimum adjustment of label dose rate for different orchards and vineyards.     

Detecting fruits in natural scenes by using spatial-frequency based texture analysis and multiview geometry

This paper describes a computer vision based model for object detection that can serve as a preliminary step in fruit prognosis, which involves the estimation of the number, diameter and yield of apple fruits. In order to overcome the recognition unreliability in uncontrolled environments caused by uneven illumination conditions, partly occluded surfaces, and similar background features, we rely on a combination of the object's colour, texture and 3D shape properties. In our research, we apply colour segmentation to multiple scene snapshots to separate potential regions from the background and verify them first with texture analysis and second by reconstructing them to 3D space. By analysing all three distinct features (colour, texture and 3D shape) of possible areas, we can safely conclude if they represent fruits we are looking for. Once we detect and verify all areas representing fruits, we can measure their size and model estimated fruit yield.     

统筹城乡户籍制度改革与农村人口空心化：挑战与应对

从统筹城乡户籍制度改革对农村资源配置、农村有效投入、农村规模发展及农村技术人才4个方面分析统筹城乡户籍制度改革可能给农村发展造成人口空心化带来的影响和挑战,最后,基于土地流转、农村新型养老保险和发展农业机械化等角度提出了相应的建议。     

农药登记药效资料评审常见问题分析

本文简要介绍了农药登记生物学评价的基本内容、资料要求与评审程序,针对农药登记药效资料评审中的一些典型问题进行归纳和分析,并对登记申请人员正确准备和提交药效资料提出建议。     

论战后日本农户的兼业现象及对中国农业现代化的启示

战后日本农业现代化进程中,大量兼业现象在日本的长期存在,与日本对农业的过度保护政策紧密相关。为了解决农业效率低下的问题,日本政府的基本思路是在逐渐开放农产品市场的大背景下鼓励支持专业农户的发展,发展农业的规模化经营,提高日本农产品的国际竞争力。对于中国的农业现代化而言,对农业的保护要适度,农业的基本出路是技术密集和资本密集的规模化经营;政府要改革户籍制度,打破城乡二元结构,加强土地流转,推进农村地区的工业化和城镇化建设。