地理远缘紫花苜蓿品种间杂交后代性状变异分析

以紫花苜蓿杂交组合（云南德钦地区紫花苜蓿为母本,引进紫花苜蓿品种Acrora为父本）的杂交亲本、杂种一代、杂种二代为研究材料,对供试材料的植株高度、分枝数、叶片长宽、干重等的变异幅度和变异规律进行了分析,旨在探索地理远缘的紫花苜蓿材料间杂交后代的性状变异及其规律,为选育出适合云南地区种植的紫花苜蓿品种提供基础。结果表明：F2的叶形性状发生了分离,出现了多叶性状的变异体。与杂交亲本相比,杂种后代表型性状出现了较大的变异,且各性状间变异幅度存在一定的差异,F1的株高,F2的叶长、宽出现了超均优势。在杂种后代中,5个性状的变异系数从大到小依次为干重〉分枝数〉株高〉叶长〉叶宽。     

Effects of modified Pb-, Zn-, and Cd- availability on the microbial communities and on the degradation of isoproturon in a heavy metal contaminated soil

The effects of modified heavy metal (HM) availability on the microbial community structure and on the microbe-mediated degradation of herbicide isoproturon (IPU) were evaluated in soil with a long-term HM contamination. The fate of ¹⁴C-ring labelled IPU was investigated for over 60 days under controlled microcosm conditions. Phosphate mineral apatite and a water solution of Pb, Zn, and Cd salts were previously homogeneously mixed into the soil material to reduce and to increase the proportion of bioavailable HM, respectively. The availability of Pb, Zn, and Cd was determined by HM fractionation and plant uptake 110 days after the addition of amendments, shortly before IPU addition. Apatite treatment reduced the availability of HM, but did not affect the microbial biomass and the microbial community structure on the genotype level (total soil DNA-RAPD). However, it changed the microbial community structure on the phenotype level, based on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) at the end of the degradation experiment. The degradation of IPU did not change. In contrast to apatite treatment, HM supplementation increased the bioavailability of Pb, Zn and Cd, which resulted in biomass reduction and changes of microbial community structure on the genotypic (total soil DNA-RAPD) and phenotypic (PLFA) level. Increased bioavailability of HM also significantly reduced the rate of IPU degradation and mineralisation. The total mineralisation over a period of 60 days decreased from 12 to 5% of initial ¹⁴C. Increased HM bioavailability did not influence the degradation pathways and kinetics of IPU.     

Morphological variability of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta in different river environments

Abstract – The morphologies of sympatric juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr and brown trout Salmo trutta parr were compared between Irish rivers with contrasting hydraulic environments – a high‐gradient and a low‐gradient tributary from the River Barrow catchment, south‐east Ireland and a high‐gradient river from the Burrishoole catchment, west of Ireland. The two catchments differ markedly in mean annual precipitation (849.0 mm year^?1 and 1370.3 mm year^?1 for the Barrow and Burrishoole catchments, respectively). Parr of both species demonstrated morphological variation between and within catchments. Changes in metrics such as pectoral fin length, body depth and body length between and within catchments suggest that hydraulic forces were a major determinant of morphological variation. Both species from the Burrishoole catchment had relatively larger pectoral fins, longer heads, larger eyes and shallower bodies than conspecifics from the Barrow catchment. In rivers subject to frequent rainfall‐driven high discharges, such as those in the Burrishoole catchment, a more fusiform body and head shape coupled with larger pectoral fins may reduce the energetic cost of maintaining position in the water column, as well as increase stability and manoeuvrability. The larger eyes in both parr species in the Burrishoole catchment could further be a response to the lower visibility of the more turbid and peat‐stained waters or to the reduced prey availability. The results of this study demonstrate that local adaptation to flow conditions can yield morphologically distinct populations and that multiple species can exhibit parallel phenotypic responses to changing environmental conditions.     

干旱胁迫下‘宁玉’草莓生长发育及相关基因表达特点

为分析基因诊断草莓在干旱逆境条件下生长状态的可行性,以‘宁玉’草莓为试材,调查了不同干旱胁迫条件下的生长特点以及与生长素合成、脱落酸合成、花果发育、色素合成相关的10个基因的表达情况。研究结果表明:在不同干旱条件下草莓均可完成从营养生长到生殖生长的生命周期,所选基因也都行使并完成了其调控功能。与对照植株相比,在轻度和中度干旱胁迫(50%~65%土壤持水量)条件下,草莓植株的物候期较对照(80%土壤持水量)提早,而在严重干旱胁迫(35%土壤含水量时)条件下延缓,随着干旱胁迫条件的加重,草莓植株、叶片、果实明显变小,果实着色加深。每个基因在不同干旱条件下表达水平的变化趋势基本一致,且都与相应的物候期以及生长发育时间长短的变化情况相一致,但所选基因在几种干旱条件下其表达开始的早晚、表达水平的高低以及表达相应程度持续时间的长短存在不同。在轻度和中度干旱条件下,这些基因的表达时间提早,但持续时间较短,表达水平高于对照;而在重度干旱条件下,这些基因的表达开始的时间较对照延缓,表达水平较低但持续时间拉长。上述研究结果表明,利用基因的表达信息可以提前推断草莓植株在不同干旱条件下的生长发育状态,了解干旱胁迫对草莓生长发育的影响以及为是否需要提早采取管理措施等提供重要依据。     

The role of the environment in partial migration: food availability affects the adoption of a migratory tactic in brown trout Salmo trutta

Abstract –  Alternative reproductive tactics are commonly reported for salmonids (Pisces) and typically involve large migratory and small resident individuals. Variation in migratory tendency should reflect the different benefits and costs that the two different phenotypes face with regard to fitness. Therefore, the effect of food availability on the adoption of a migratory tactic in brown trout was investigated. Fifty trout were placed in each of 12 tanks and fed at three different levels. Growth-related variables were measured regularly, and at the end of the experiment, the proportion of migrants and residents was recorded. Low food availability led to increased numbers of migratory fish. The expected sex-bias was also present, with a lower percentage of resident females than resident males. As all fish originated from the same gene pool, the changing proportions of the migratory tactics can be classified as phenotypic plasticity. The study provides evidence that the different phenotypes reflect alternative tactics within a conditional strategy. Some differences in growth-related variables were present between the sexes, and a very pronounced difference in condition factor was found between resident and migratory males, but not in females. Thus, the results provide evidence that different selective forces may be acting on the sexes.     

Phenotypic character gradient variation of Melia azedarach

Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) was applied on the research data of five geographical-climatic factors and 18 phenotypic characters of 729 trees of 24 populations of Melia azedarach distributed in China. The eigenvalue of the first canonical variable is 0.997 9 (significant at 0.01 level), accounting for 78% of all eigenvalues. A study on the principal component analysis (PCA) was done, taking the first canonical variable coordinate values as the phenotypic character gradient axes (PCGA). The isogram of the PCGA was drawn out with 0.2 contours, which showed a geographical model with a northeast-southwest variation trend of the phenotypic characters of M. azedarach. Meanwhile, the path analysis results show the direct and indirect effects of phenotypic characters with phenotypic character gradient values, which prove that the propagative organs, are steadily changing. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(5): 29–34 [译自: 林业科学]     

基于枝条、叶和花的油梨种质表型多样性分析

【目的】明确当前粤西已收集油梨种质资源的表型多样性，加强油梨种质资源的利用。【方法】以保存于国家热带果树种质资源圃的 53 份油梨种质资源为试验材料，采用偏相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法，对油梨的 7 个质量性状（叶形、叶缘、叶尖形状、叶片颜色、叶面状态、花型、叶柄凹槽）和 12 个数量性状（枝条粗度、节间长度、叶长、叶宽、叶形指数、叶柄长度、花序侧轴长度、花序宽度、花序主轴长度、花梗长度、花瓣长度、萼片长度）进行调查分析。【结果】已收集油梨种质资源表型性状多样性丰富，质量性状与数量性状的多样性指数范围分别在 0.094~1.228 和 1.373~1.921 之间，表明油梨数量性状相对质量性状多样性更丰富。19 个油梨表型性状间呈极显著相关的有 29 对，呈显著相关的 21 对。主成分分析表明，6 个主成分因子的累计贡献率达 72.396%，其中叶柄长度、枝条粗度、花瓣长度、花序侧轴长度、叶缘和叶面状态为主要性状。聚类分析显示，当欧氏距离为 15 时，可将 53 份油梨种质资源分为 4 大组群，组群Ⅰ花序较小，组群Ⅱ枝条粗度最粗，组群Ⅲ叶宽最窄，组群Ⅳ花序侧轴长度最长。【结论】粤西已收集保存的 53 份油梨资源的表型多样性丰富，调查的 19 个表型性状间有一定的相关性，其中叶柄长度、枝条粗度、花瓣长度、花序侧轴长度、叶缘和叶面状态可作为油梨资源评价及育种的主要指标。     

Osmotic Adjustment in Maize (Zea mays L.): Changes with Ontogeny and its Relationship with Phenotypic Stability

Genetic variation for osmotic adjustment was examined in a group of maize hybrids during vegetative and silking stages. Estimates of osmotic adjustment were derived from measurements of leaf relative water content (RWC) and osmotic potential (Ψ o ) before day-break. The degree of adjustment was estimated from the In RWC/In Ψ o relationship. All cultivars examined showed some degree of osmotic adjustment and significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among them. The utility of measurements in early vegetative stages as a mean of selection for osmotic adjustment in silking stage was established. A positive tendency was observed between osmotic adjustment and phenotypic stability.     

辣椒若干性状的相关及通径分析

对辣椒的13个杂种一代及其16个亲本的总产量等16个性状进行分析,结果表明,辣椒的总产量与早期产量及果实胎座宽度呈显著正相关,与干物质含量呈显著负相关;单果重与胎座宽度及果肉厚度呈显著正相关,与单株果数呈显著负相关。株高与播种至花期天数,始花节位与播种至花期天数及维生素C含量与果实长度之间也呈显著正相关;单株果数对总产量的直接影响最大,果实胎座宽度及早期产量也对总产量有明显的直接影响,而其它性状则仅对总产量产生有限的直接影响。     

豫州褐壳蛋鸡各品系主要经济性状间的相关分析

本文用多变量相关分析和通径分析方法，对豫州褐壳蛋鸡５个品系产蛋性能方面的性状进行相关分析，结果表明，将开产日龄，４０周龄平均蛋重和４０周龄产蛋数，作为蛋鸡早期选种指标是适宜的。