Assessing host specialization of Botrytis cinerea on lettuce and tomato by genotypic and phenotypic characterization

This study tested the hypothesis that Botyrtis cinerea shows host specialization on tomato and lettuce, using phenotypic and genotypic tools. Strains were isolated from tomato and lettuce grown together in the same greenhouse. Forty‐four lettuce strains and 42 tomato strains were investigated for their genetic diversity and their aggressiveness. Both gene diversity and allelic richness were significantly higher in lettuce strains than in tomato strains (P = 0·01). Cluster analysis revealed a clear division of the strains under study into two clusters. However, this structure did not separate the strains according to their host of origin. Tomato strains were significantly more aggressive than lettuce strains when inoculated on tomatoes (P = 0·001), but no significant differences in aggressiveness were observed when the strains were inoculated on lettuce (P = 0·17) or on apple (P = 0·87). The results suggest an absence of clear host specialization of B. cinerea on tomato and lettuce.     

Low genetic variability in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum populations from common bean fields in Minas Gerais State,Brazil, at regional,local and micro‐scales

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causal agent of white mould, is the most destructive and widely distributed soilborne pathogen of common bean during the autumn–winter season in Brazil. Nevertheless, little is known about the genetic structure of the pathogen population. Microsatellite (SSR) markers and mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) were used to characterize 118 isolates collected from 20 bean fields located in the most important growing regions of Minas Gerais State (MG). Additionally, the genetic variability among 10 isolates obtained from a single sclerotium was investigated in 10 different sclerotia. Seventy SSR haplotypes and 14 MCGs were identified among the 118 isolates. The genetic differences within bean growing areas accounted for most of the genetic variation (72%). Despite the relatively high genotypic diversity, the SSR loci were at linkage disequilibrium. Moreover, 70% of the isolates were assigned to only two MCGs, and haplotypes of a given MCG were closely related. The discriminant analysis of principal components revealed five groups. There was strong genetic differentiation between isolates collected in one municipality in southern MG when compared to other regions. Common bean resistance to white mould should be assessed with representative isolates of the five genetic groups and, if possible, of the different MCGs detected in the present study. One to five haplotypes were detected among the 10 isolates obtained from a single sclerotium. Therefore, in order to ensure genetic identity of an isolate, hyphal tip or monoascosporic isolates should be used.     

Evolution and spread of glyphosate resistance in Conyza bonariensis in California and a comparison with closely related Conyza canadensis

Glyphosate‐resistant weeds are an increasing problem in perennial cropping systems in the Central Valley of California, USA. To elucidate the evolutionary origins and spatial spread of resistance, we investigated the geographical distribution of glyphosate resistance and the population genetic diversity and structure of Conyza bonariensis and compared the results with previously studied C. canadensis. Thirty‐five populations from orchards and vineyards across the Central Valley were sampled. Population genetic structure was assessed using microsatellite markers. Population‐level resistance was assessed in glasshouse screening of plants grown from field‐collected seed. Bayesian clustering and analyses of multilocus genotypes indicated multiple origins of resistance, as observed in C. canadensis. Pairwise F_ST analysis detected spatial spread of resistance in the south of the Central Valley, also similar to C. canadensis. The results strongly indicate that the southern valley was an environment markedly more suitable than the northern valley for resistance spread and that spread in Conyza species was driven by increased uniformity of strong selection in the southern valley, due to recent regulation on herbicides other than glyphosate. Accordingly, resistant C. canadensis individuals occurred at high frequencies only in the southern valley, but interestingly resistant C. bonariensis occurred at high frequencies throughout the valley. Expression of resistance showed varying degrees of plasticity in C. bonariensis. The lower selfing rate and substantially greater genotypic diversity in C. bonariensis, relative to C. canadensis, indicate greater evolutionary potential over shorter time periods. Interspecific hybridisation was detected, but its role in resistance evolution remains unclear.     

甘肃省苹果蠹蛾不同地理种群遗传多样性分析

为探明苹果蠹蛾不同地理种群的遗传变异、种群分化及传播扩散情况,利用9对微卫星引物对甘肃9个不同苹果蠹蛾地理种群的遗传多样性进行了研究。应用POPGENE 1.32和NTSYSpc 2.1软件分析表明:9对引物共检测到21个多样性位点,多态性百分比为95.45%;9个不同地理种群的观测等位基因为1.954 5,有效等位基因为1.741 3,Nei氏指数为0.411 3,Shannon指数为0.592 7±0.147 2;遗传相似度在0.325 8~0.817 0范围内。UPGMA聚类分析表明甘州、金塔种群聚为一支,与肃州种群合为一支;临泽种群与总寨种群聚为一支;七里河与敦煌种群聚为一支;高台与民勤种群聚为一支,各分支间的遗传分化系数Fst分别为0.795 0、0.531 4、0.857 9、0.598 0。Mantel检测表明,种群间的遗传距离与地理距离无显著相关性。研究表明,甘肃苹果蠹蛾种群的遗传多样性较低,遗传变异主要来自种群内部,种群之间的基因交流较少,在甘肃省的传播以人为被动传播扩散为主。     

变态前牙鲆cDNA文库中Ⅰ型微卫星的多态性分析

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)不仅是研究鱼类变态的模式生物,也是我国的重要水产养殖对象。从变态前牙鲆cDNA文库中的42个单一序列表达标签(ESTs)中筛选到46个微卫星分子标记,从中选择21个微卫星并在一个养殖牙鲆群体共30个样本中测试,结果表明其中有20个微卫星标记具有多态性,其等位基因数为2到6个,观察杂合度从0.06到1.00,期望杂合度从0.059 7到0.825 2变化不等,平均多态信息含量是0.457 5,可用于牙鲆连锁图的构建和分子标记辅助选育。其中,有3个微卫星位点的三核苷酸重复序列在基因编码区内,可能和基因功能有关。     

乐清湾和三沙湾缢蛏群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用微卫星标记分析了我国浙江乐清湾翁垟(ZWY)、乐成(ZYC)、南岳(ZNY)、南塘(ZNT)、清江(ZQJ)、湖雾(ZHW)、坞根(ZWG)、海山(ZHS)和芦浦(ZLP) 9个群体和福建三沙湾漳湾(FZW)、梅田(FMT)、三都(FSD)、渔江(FYJ)、白招(FBZ)、霞塘(FXT)、长春(FCC)、沙江(FSJ)和溪尾(FXW)9个缢蛏群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化,以期评价乐清湾和三沙湾内缢蛏群体的遗传结构差异,为我国缢蛏主要原产地种质资源保护和遗传育种提供基础资料。遗传多样性结果表明,浙江乐清湾和福建三沙湾内的缢蛏群体中各位点平均有效等位基因数N_e变化范围分别为8.146~10.457和7.457~9.947,平均期望杂合度H_e分别为0.872~0.909和0.846~0.894,Nei’s基因多样性指数分别为0.863~0.899和0.836~0.886,显示乐清湾和三沙湾缢蛏群体的遗传多样性仍处于较高水平。群体间遗传分化指数（F_ST）结果表明,缢蛏各群体间F_ST为0.000 1~0.052 3。基于Nei’s遗传距离（D_A）构建非加权组平均法（UPGMA）系统树结果显示,18个群体聚类为2支,除ZWY和ZWG群体外,ZYC、ZNY、ZNT、ZQJ、ZHW、ZHS 和ZLP浙江群体单独聚为一支;而ZWY、ZWG群体与FZW、FMT、FSD、FSJ、FBZ、FXT、FCC、FSJ 和FXW 9个福建群体聚类在一起,因此推测浙江的ZWY、ZWG群体可能来自福建,揭示在缢蛏的养殖过程中可能存在引苗现象。     

鲢三、四核苷酸重复微卫星标记的筛选及其特征分析

通过磁珠富集法筛选鲢(Hypophthalmichtys molitrix)的三、四核苷酸重复微卫星分子标记。提取鲢血液大片段基因组DNA,用限制性内切酶Sau3AI进行酶切,蔗糖密度梯度离心收集400~900 bp长度的片段,构建鲢全基因组PCR文库,用生物素标记的微卫星探针(TGA)₈、(CAG)₈以及(AGAT)₆进行筛选,磁珠富集含有微卫星序列的DNA片段,获得含有微卫星的单链序列;将这些序列通过PCR扩增,连接pMD 18-T载体,转入感受态大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)DH5α,获得微卫星文库;再用γ-³²P标记的放射性同位素探针进行二次杂交筛选,获得1 758个阳性克隆,选择测序348个克隆序列中,共含有280个微卫星座位,其中完美型167个(59.64%),非完美型28个(10%),混合型85个(30.36%)。Primer 3.0软件设计60对引物,并用珠江水系的野生鲢群体对引物进行多态性位点检测。统计软件分析显示其中22对具有较高的筛选效率和多态性,可作为鲢种质评价等遗传分析的工具。     

日本沼虾太湖和鄱阳湖群体及其F1的遗传结构分析

采用12对微卫星标记分析了日本沼虾太湖、鄱阳湖两个野生群体及其双列杂交的F₁的遗传结构和遗传多样性。结果显示,所用引物的平均等位基因数(N_a)为17.67个,有效等位基因数(N_e)为12.48个,大小在112～427 bp之间。平均观测杂合度(H_o)为0.693 8,平均期望杂合度(H_e)为0.913 4。2个亲本及4个子代组合的两两遗传分化指数F_ST值在0.020 5~0.042 7之间,基因流(N_m)数值在5.607 5~11.957 0之间,表明日本沼虾组合间分化不明显。聚类分析结果表明,TP（太湖♀?鄱阳湖♂）组合与PT（鄱阳湖♀?太湖♂）组合,TT（太湖♀?太湖♂）组合与TH（太湖亲本）组合,PP（鄱阳湖亲本）组合与PY（鄱阳湖♀?鄱阳湖♂）组合分别先聚在一起,之后是TP,PT,TT,TH组合聚在一起,最后再与PP,PY组合聚合在一起。试验结果显示,杂交组合的观测杂合度有明显提高;杂交组合与其它组合分化不明显;杂交子代与母本的遗传结构更相似。本试验通过杂交来分析亲本及子代各个组合之间遗传多样性及遗传结构的变化情况,为日本沼虾资源保护和开发利用提供理论依据。     

暗纹东方鲀微卫星筛选和群体遗传多样性分析

为了解长江野生暗纹东方鲀群体遗传多样性现状,采用已发表的16对红鳍东方鲀微卫星引物对暗纹东方鲀基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,结果有10对微卫星引物(占总数62.5%)能扩增出特异性条带。利用这10对微卫星引物对采自长江常熟江段30尾暗纹东方鲀群体进行扩增分析,共获得51个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数在2到10之间,平均为5.1。10个位点平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.820 0,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.692 8,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.630 0。8个位点表现为高度多态(PIC>0.5),2个位点表现为中度多态(0.25相似文献   

Microsatellite DNA analysis and hydrodynamic modelling reveal the extent of larval transport and gene flow between management zones in an exploited marine fish (Glaucosoma hebraicum)

Determining the extent of dispersal in exploited marine fishes is essential for understanding their population dynamics and optimising management. The West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum, is a highly sought‐after, large and long‐lived reef‐dwelling species, endemic to south‐western Australia. Stock assessments indicate that this indicator species is overexploited. The fishery is managed using a zone‐based system, which implicitly assumes a high degree of demographic independence among zones. While tagging studies indicate limited movement of adult G. hebraicum, there is no understanding of the spatial scale of dispersal of its larvae and thus the true extent of interdependence of management zones. We analysed 13 microsatellite DNA loci to characterise the extent of gene flow, and conducted particle tracking simulations to model larval transport in this species. Genetic data demonstrated that some local recruitment was likely, but that on a broad scale gene flow between the management zones was extensive, and the entire fishery represents a single genetic stock. Hydrodynamic modelling predicted that the majority of dhufish larvae recruit from within the management zone where they are spawned, and that inter‐annual variation in current velocities has limited effect on the extent of larval transport. Because management zones are likely to be largely independent in terms of both larval and adult recruitment, heavy localised fishing pressure has the potential to reduce the abundance and reproductive capacity of this species in highly fished areas, but it should have limited impact on neutral genetic diversity.