管花肉苁蓉寄主柽柳林地土壤养分调查研究

为了解和评价和田地区管花肉苁蓉寄主柽柳林地土壤肥力状况,指导土壤培肥,以该地区管花肉苁蓉分布最广、产量最高的于田县和民丰县为研究区域,采集该地区不同种植年限和灌溉方式下的土壤样本,对其主要物化性质进行调查研究。结果表明:接种管花肉苁蓉的柽柳林地土壤全氮和有机质含量均值分别为0.31 g/kg和2.42 g/kg,处于缺乏和很缺乏水平;土壤速效钾和全磷含量均值分别为155 mg/kg和0.55 g/kg,处于适宜及以上水平;土壤有效磷含量在0.4~8.0 mg/kg,处于适宜和缺乏水平的分别占调查面积的41.2%和58.8%。土壤pH为中性或微碱性,种植年限达10 a以上的土壤呈微酸性且已发生次生盐渍化。相同种植年限下,传统的漫灌转为滴灌可使土壤EC值、全氮和硝态氮含量分别降低60.6%、48.8%和34.7%。     

旱涝交替下控制灌溉对稻田节水及氮磷减排的影响

该文研究控制灌排技术对稻田水氮磷动态变化及节水减排效应的影响。于2015年5—10月在河海大学江宁校区节水园,在有底侧坑内进行水稻栽培试验,于水稻分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期和乳熟期4个生育阶段进行控水试验,以常规控制灌溉为对照,测定稻田淹排水铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷浓度变化。结果表明:旱转涝处理淹水初期稻田水中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷浓度显著高于涝转旱处理,这个时期地表和地下排水应该引起注意。控制灌排条件下灌水量减少7.4%~18.5%,排水量减少23.0%~43.5%,NH_4~+-N负荷减少18.5%~54.5%,NO_3~--N负荷减少16.8%~57.7%,总磷负荷减少34.2%~58.3%;其中拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期在保证节水减排的同时,也能实现较高的产量;因此,控制灌排技术具有较好的节水减排效果,对南方稻作区灌排实践具有指导意义。     

石油采出水诱发蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变的研究

应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术,对大庆市4个采油厂聚驱的石油采出水遗传毒性进行分析研究。结果表明:经聚合物驱油的石油采出水处理过的蚕豆根尖细胞,其染色体均发生异常,出现断片、桥以及滞后染色体等现象,有明显的微核效应和遗传毒性,加水稀释对于减轻其毒性的作用甚小,如果不加处理地排放将会给生态环境造成危害。     

胶东果园土壤酸度特征及酸化原因分析

通过对胶东地区果园土壤的采样化验,并与全国第二次土壤普查的数据对比分析.结果显示,果园土壤酸化程度明显高于第二次土壤普查和农田土壤,果园上层土壤pH值和潜性酸低于下层,酸化明显。化肥的过量施入、有机肥施用不足、大水漫灌的灌溉方式是加剧果园土壤酸化的主要原因。     

Assessment of inoculation methods for screening black alder resistance to Phytophthora ×alni

Identification of resistance to Phytophthora ×alni could provide the basis for a management strategy against alder decline in riparian ecosystems in Europe. This study aimed to test methods to evaluate the resistance of riparian alders to the disease, and to screen alder genotypes for resistance. Phytophthora ×alni isolates were compared for their aggressiveness (lesion length on stem) and sporulation capacity (sporangia). While no difference in lesion lengths was found between isolates, sporangia production was dependent on isolate, highlighting the need for careful selection of isolates used for zoospore inoculation methods. Inoculation tests carried out at different periods of the year revealed a seasonal change in susceptibility to the disease, with the period from June to September being the most efficient for inoculation tests. Stem‐wounded inoculations, carried out on excised shoots, were unreliable for evaluating the level of resistance of alder genotypes to P. ×alni infection, with divergent results between two successive years or between two inoculation periods during the same year. In contrast, a method that mimics the natural conditions of infection, based on flooding of rooted cuttings in artificially infected river water, was found promising. Another method, based on the inoculation of foliated terminal shoots with zoospore suspensions, was found to be repeatable and could be used for high‐throughput analyses. Altogether, the results show a continuous resistance response from highly susceptible to moderately resistant genotypes. This suggests that breeding might be a useful strategy to manage alder decline caused by P. ×alni.     

水淹胁迫对狗牙根光合、生长及营养元素含量的影响

以狗牙根当年生扦插苗为试验材料,采用盆栽控制实验,设置对照组(CK)、表土水淹组(SF)和全淹组(TF),研究水淹对狗牙根光合、生长、生物量和营养元素含量的影响。结果显示,1)与CK相比,SF组的狗牙根净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和气孔限制值均显著降低,胞间CO₂浓度显著增加,但水分利用效率与CK组差异不显著。2)SF组分枝数、叶片数、根生物量、叶生物量和根冠比均显著低于CK组,而株高、基径、茎生物量和总生物量与CK组差异不显著;TF组除根冠比与CK组无显著差异外,株高、基径、分枝数、叶片数、根生物量、茎生物量和总生物量均显著低于CK组。3)与CK组相比,SF和TF组根的N、P、K、Fe、Mn含量均呈上升趋势,Cu含量显著降低;叶片中,SF组P、K、Cu含量显著下降,Fe、Mn含量显著升高。研究表明,水淹显著影响了狗牙根光合、生长及营养元素含量。狗牙根通过适度降低叶片P、K、Cu含量及升高Fe、Mn含量促进狗牙根叶片净光合速率的降低。然而狗牙根可通过提高对N、P、K等营养元素的吸收,促进其生长,维持较高的净光合速率,以有效应对水淹环境;其次,全淹环境中,狗牙根叶片衰老、凋落,叶片中N、P等营养元素可直接进入水体,存在增加水体富营养化的潜在风险,因此,应加强对三峡库区消落带狗牙根植被的刈割收获管理,以尽可能减少由此引起的二次污染。     

多孔介质的润湿性对聚驱稠油微宏观效率的影响

岩石表面的润湿性影响聚合物微观和宏观驱油效率。采用可视化微观模型和微观照相技术研究了强水湿和油湿多孔介质下聚合物微观驱油效率和驱替机理。分析了束缚水与稠油分别在两种润湿介质下的微观形态和分布对聚合物的吸附、滞留,连续性和非连续性流动,驱替前缘以及洗油效率的影响。微观模型实验结果表明,在水湿环境,地层水趋向分布于岩石骨架表面并在孔壁附近形成较厚的水膜,聚合物趋于附着在孔壁处,在这些区域聚合物的洗油效率较高;在油湿环境,束缚水主要以非连续相分布在孔隙介质中,聚合物溶液发生咬断效应,原油吸附在孔喉处,聚合物只能部分扫除原油,乳液的形成能辅助聚合物溶液驱替油相。聚合物在水湿介质的微观驱油效率明显高于油湿介质。岩心流动实验结果与微观模型分析一致,相同浓度的聚合物溶液在强水湿岩心前缘突破所需的时间长于油湿岩心,突破前缘更规整,水湿岩心和油湿岩心的水驱采出程度分别为21.5%OOIP和15%OOIP。聚合物在油湿岩心的“门槛”黏度较大。聚合物黏度为500 mPa·s时,水驱后水湿岩心和油湿岩心的原油采收率增幅分别为23%OOIP和17%OOIP。     

Influence of water regime on growth,yield, and nitrogen uptake of rice

Abstract

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of water regime on growth of rice. The greenhouse experiment investigated the effects of two water regimes‐continuous flooding and flooding with soil drying between crops for 2 to 3 weeks on the growth of rice during six cropping (for six week each) on seven soils varying widely in total N contents (0.07 to 0.35%). The results averaged for the 7 soils indicated that the drymatter production or N uptake of rice was not affected by the water regimes during the six croppings.

The field experiment conducted during the dry season for two consecutive years (1976 and 1977) on a near neutral clay soil studied the effects of three water regimes (continuous flooding alternate flooding and soil drying every 2 weeks, and continuous flooding with 2 weeks mid season soil drying after 6 weeks of transplanting) and three levels of fertilizer N (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha as urea) on grain yield and N uptake of rice. The results confirmed the absence of any significant reduction in grain yield or N uptake as a result of any of the soil drying treatments during the growing season on the unfertilized plots carrying a rice crop. On the plots fertilized with 100 or 200 kg N/na, alternate flooding and drying resulted in a significant depression in both grain yield and N uptake. Soil analysis supported heavy losses of N in the fertilized plots that underwent alternate flooding and soil drying apparently by nitrification and denitrification reactions.

The results of this study suggest that alternate flooding and drying of soils in the presence of established rice plants itiay not cause a significant loss of nitrogen in unfertilized plots although in plots fertilized with high rates of N the losses may be large as indicated by the performance of rice crop.     

Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.     

Evaluation of preflooding effects on iron extractability and phytoavailability in highly calcareous soil in containers

Previous pot cropping and laboratory incubation experiments were consistent with field observations showing that temporary flooding before cropping can increase the availability of soil Fe to plants. To study the effect of temporary flooding on changes in soil Fe phytoavailability we used 24 highly calcareous, Fe chlorosis–inducing soils to carry out a pot experiment where peanut and chickpea were successively grown after flooding for 30 d. At the end of the cropping experiment, the preflooded soil samples exhibited higher concentrations of acid oxalate‐, citrate/ascorbate‐ and diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Fe (Fe_ox, Fe_ca, and Fe_DTPA, respectively) than the control (nonflooded) samples. Also, Fe_ox and Fe_ca exhibited no change by effect of reflooding of the cropped soils or three wetting–drying cycles in freeze‐dried slurries of soils previously incubated anaerobically for several weeks. Leaf chlorophyll concentration (LCC) in both peanut and chickpea was greatly increased by preflooding. The best predictor for LCC was Fe_ox, followed by Fe_ca and Fe_DTPA. The LCC–soil Fe relationships found suggest that the Fe species extracted by oxalate and citrate/ascorbate from preflooded soils were more phytoavailable than those extracted from control soils. However, the increased phytoavailability of extractable Fe forms was seemingly limited to the first crop (peanut). Flooding dramatically increased Fe_DTPA; however, high Fe_DTPA levels did not result in high LCC values, particularly in the second crop. Therefore, this test is a poor predictor of the severity of Fe chlorosis in preflooded soils.