Seed Priming Improves Agronomic Trait Performance under Flooding and Non-flooding Conditions in Rice with QTL SUB1

Farmers in South East Asia are adopting rice crop establishment methods from transplanting to direct wet or dry seeding as it requires less labour and time and comparatively less energy than transplanting.In contrast to irrigated condition,in rainfed lowland,direct seeding is a common practice.Early flooding controls weeds but decreases seedling establishment in direct seeded rice.Anaerobic germination is an important trait to counteract damages caused by early flooding.Management options which can help in crop establishment and improve crop growth under flooding might remove the constraints related to direct seeding.The investigation was carried out with two near isogenic lines Swarna and SwarnaSub1.Swarna-Sub1 is tolerant to submergence whereas Swarna is susceptible.Seed priming was done with water and 2% Jamun(Syzygium cumini) leaf extract,and it improved seedling establishment under flooding.Acceleration of growth occurred due to seed pretreatment,which resulted longer seedling and greater accumulation of biomass.Seed priming greatly hastened the activities of total amylase and alcohol dehydrogenase in Swarna-Sub1 than in Swarna.Swarna-Sub1 outperformed Swarna when the plants were cultivated under flooding.Weed biomass decreased significantly under flooding compared to non-flooding conditions.Seed priming had positive effects on yield and yield attributing parameters both under non-flooding and early flooding conditions.     

Responses of SUB1 rice introgression lines to submergence in the field: Yield and grain quality

Prolonged submergence is a major constraint to rice production, affecting over 15 million ha in South and Southeast Asia and causing an annual yield loss of over US$ 600 million. This is because all the modern high-yielding rice varieties are sensitive to complete submergence. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), SUB1, associated with submergence tolerance, was mapped on chromosome 9 and recently bred into popular rainfed lowland rice varieties sensitive of complete submergence, using marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). Here, we assessed the impact of introgressing SUB1 into three rice varieties popular in farmers’ fields of South and Southeast Asia, Swarna, Sambha Mahsuri, and IR64, under control conditions as well as following submergence in the field. Under control conditions, no differences were observed between Sub1 introgression lines and their recurrent parents in grain yield or quality aspects. Submergence substantially delayed flowering and maturity, and reduced grain yield, shoot biomass, harvest index, and yield components across cultivars. The reduction in yield was more drastic in the sensitive varieties, particularly when submerged for longer duration (17 d). The significant decline in grain yield was mainly attributed to reductions in grain filling, number of grains per panicle, and grain weight. The SUB1 QTL is effective in conferring tolerance of submergence for about 12–17 d, depending on floodwater conditions. Sub1 introgression lines showed a yield advantage of up to 3.8 t ha⁻¹ and slightly better grain quality after submergence compared with their parents. Apparently, the introgression of SUB1 into popular varieties did not have any negative impact on their performance under control conditions but considerably enhanced their yield and grain quality following short-term submergence.     

塔里木河下游不同漫溢频次下植物群落变化初探

利用2005年以来,在塔里木河下游开展的河水漫溢区植被样地调查的资料,对比分析了不同漫溢频次下植被群落中各物种的重要值和物种多样性的变化状况。结果显示:1一次漫溢对植被群落的影响所持续的时间不超过5 a;2漫溢频次过低或者过高都不利于恢复和维持植被的物种多样性,中度频次的漫溢干扰能够维持较高的生物多样性;3从保护和恢复荒漠河岸林的角度考虑,适宜的漫溢频次1 a 1~2次。     

科尔沁沙丘-草甸田间持水量的综合测定与影响

以科尔沁沙丘-草甸相间地区表层土壤为对象,选用4种不同测试方法,对不同地貌与植被类型组合区土壤的田间持水量进行综合测定,并对其影响因素和影响过程进行系统分析。结果表明:1在不同地貌类型区4种试验方法得到的田间持水量变化的规律大体一致,但数值差异很大。威尔科克斯法结果比围框淹灌法和天然降水法测定结果大。2草甸地受地下水位埋深的影响很大,围框淹灌法及天然降水法测定结果不可用;沙丘区地下水位埋深大,围框淹灌法与天然降水法获得的田间持水量对实践更具指导意义,天然降水法在地下水位深埋大的沙丘区表层40 cm以内基本可以获得较准确的田间持水量,取样时间可以在降雨后12~24 h。3科尔沁沙地实施田间持水量测量时建议选用天然降水法,对漫灌型农田土壤小面积也可选择围框淹灌法,大面积测量宜选择威尔科克斯法,但应建立威尔科克斯法与天然降水法和围框淹灌法之间的转换关系,利用威尔科克斯法测量田间持水量时,沙性土壤的测量时间可选择36~40 h、草甸区壤沙土与沙壤土可选择44~48 h。     

河水漫溢干扰对土壤盐分的影响——以塔里木河下游为例

[目的]探索漫溢后出现明显的植被群落变化的原因和不同漫溢方式对表层土壤盐分的影响,为塔里木河下游植被恢复和人工植被的重建提供理论依据。[方法]利用土壤溶液电导率法测定塔里木河下游漫溢区和非漫溢区399个表层土壤样品中盐分含量,探讨不同漫溢干扰方式对土壤盐分的影响。[结果]塔里木河下游土壤的含盐量较高,但在漫溢干扰后土壤表层盐分均出现明显的下降;漫溢方式对土壤盐分的影响显著,表现为漫溢前的土壤总盐含量与多次漫溢后差异达极显著,与少次漫溢和冲刷差异显著,与长期渍水差异不显著。[结论]漫溢干扰后土壤表层盐分有所降低是植被发生明显变化的原因,其中中等频次和持续时间的漫溢干扰更有利于表层土壤盐分的淋洗和植被的恢复。     

丛枝菌根真菌在湿地生境中的分布及其在人工湿地中的应用研究进展

Over the last three decades, the presence and functional roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in wetland habitats have received increasing attention. This review summarized the mycorrhizal status in wetlands and the effect of flooding on AM fungal colonization. Plants of 99 families living in 31 different habitats have been found to be associated with AM fungi, even including submerged aquatic plants and several plant species that were thought to be nonmycorrhizal (Cyperaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Plumbaginaceae). The functions of AM fungi in wetland ecological systems could be concluded as their influences on the composition, succession, and diversity of the wetland plant community, and the growth and nutrition of wetland plants. Affecting the composition, succession, and diversity of the wetland plant community, AM fungi have positive, negative, or neutral effects on the performance of different wetland species under different conditions. The factors that affect the application effect of AM fungi in constructed wetland (CW) include flooding, phosphorus, plant species, aerenchyma, salinity, CW types, operation modes of CW, and wastewater quality. The generalist AM fungi strains can be established spontaneously, rapidly, and extensively in wastewater bioremediation technical installations; therefore, AM fungi can be considered ideal inhabitants of technical installations for the plant-based bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by organic pollutants or other contaminants. In the future, roles of AM fungi and factors that affect the purifying capacity of AM-CW system must be understood to optimize CW ecosystem.     

土壤含水量对狗牙根叶片生理生态指标的影响

采用盆栽控水试验,研究了不同土壤含水量（水淹,23%,18%,13%,8%）对我国雅砻江库区重要植物物种狗牙根叶片光合色素、SOD活性、POD活性、脯氨酸和MDA含量变化的影响。结果表明:与对照（23%）相比,狗牙根受到淹水胁迫时叶绿素a,b的含量和光合效率有所下降,丙二醛含量有所升高,但是抗氧化酶活性以及脯氨酸含量的增大提高了植物对淹水胁迫的抵抗力。随着土壤含水量的减少,叶绿素a和b的含量、光合速率、SOD、POD活性和丙二醛含量先升高,随后逐渐降低。SOD和POD活性在8%时存在最低值,分别为33.10U/gFW和3.87U/gFW。Carotenoid/Chlorophyll（Car/Chl）比值在18%时达到最低值0.22,然后增大。脯氨酸（Pro）含量随胁迫程度呈明显的增大趋势,并在8%达到最大值0.31μg/gFW,说明干旱条件时狗牙根通过提高类胡萝卜素和脯氨酸含量来改善渗透调节能力,增强对干旱胁迫的抵抗能力和适应力。但严重的干旱胁迫（8%）导致了植物叶片的损伤。     

淹水胁迫对喜树幼苗LDH及保护酶的影响

研究淹水胁迫下1年生喜树根系活力、根系乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及叶片保护酶活性和活性氧代谢的变化规律。结果表明:根系活力在淹水处理后期急剧下降,LDH活性随淹水时间的延长和强度的加大而升高。轻度淹水胁迫下,喜树叶片内过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性保持较平稳的水平,能够有效地清除活性氧自由基,使之维持在较低水平;重度淹水胁迫下,随胁迫的持续,叶片POD和SOD活性先升高后降低,在胁迫后期不能有效地清除活性氧,导致叶片膜脂的过氧化作用加剧,丙二醛(MDA)大量积累,植株遭到伤害。     

模拟三峡库区消落带水淹对3类土壤中桑树和水桦生长的影响

【目的】筛选出能适应长时间水淹的植物并明确其耐淹机理。【方法】以三峡库区2年生乡土树种桑树(Morus alba)和引进树种水桦(Betula nigra)为研究对象,结合库区水位运行规律和紫色土、水稻土、黄壤3种主要的土壤类型,通过盆栽模拟水淹试验,设置常规供水组和水淹组2个处理组,研究库区秋冬季长时间(时长90d)水淹对桑树与水桦生长特性和光合生理的影响。【结果】水淹胁迫显著影响了桑树和水桦的生长及生物量积累(P0.05),在90d水淹试验结束后,桑树与水桦茎基部均产生了一定数量的不定根,且在紫色土和水稻土上的存活率均达到100%,在黄壤上的存活率分别为85%和80%;其地上部与地下部生物量积累总体受到显著抑制,两树种的根冠比也显著降低(P0.05);桑树与水桦的总根长、根总表面积、根系活力等形态指标在水淹胁迫下均有不同程度下降,而根平均直径呈增大趋势。3种土壤上桑树和水桦的光合作用在水淹胁迫下发生显著变化,Pn显著降低,Gs、Ci、Tr较对照组均有不同程度下降,但Ls高于对照组。3种土壤上桑树和水桦的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著下降,但叶绿素a/b值较对照组有一定程度增大,更接近于3∶1。水淹结束后,3种土壤上水淹组桑树和水桦的Fv/Fm与对照相比虽有一定程度下降,但仍保持在较高水平,其qP、ETR、ΦPSⅡ变化趋势与Fv/Fm相同,均呈现下降趋势,而其qN呈现升高趋势。【结论】在长达90d水淹的情况下,紫色土、水稻土、黄壤3种土壤上,桑树和水桦各生长指标及光合指标均保持在较高水平,表明桑树和水桦对长期水淹具有良好的适应性,可以作为三峡库区消落带植被恢复重建的适生树种。     

Impact of Climate Change on the Technical Efficiency of Striped Catfish,Pangasianodon hypophthalmus,Farming in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

The technical efficiency of randomly sampled pangasius farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam was estimated using data envelopment analysis, and factors affecting technical and scale efficiency were examined with bootstrap truncated regression. The mean technical efficiency score assuming variable returns to scale was 0.84. The technical efficiency of downstream farmers was higher due to lower energy costs and stocking once a year. Most of the up‐ and midstream farms needed to pump water and stocked at least three times in 2 yr. Regression analysis showed a positive effect on technical efficiency of the farmers' education level and having experienced climate change impact through flooding or salinity intrusion in the past. Farms affected by salinity intrusion had a lower scale efficiency as they reduce stocking frequency and rate. In general, reducing fish mortality and the cost of inputs, increasing scale of operation, and being trained, using appropriate methods, in management strategies may improve technical efficiency.