大麦耐迟播高分蘖资源的鉴定与筛选

为给耐迟播高产大麦育种提供基础材料,以505份大麦种质资源(农家品种131份,国内育成品种(系)271份,国外引进品种103份)为材料,通过对不同迟播日期下大麦资源分蘖特性的鉴定、迟播资源的亚群体划分及其入选的迟播高分蘖资源有效分蘖的鉴定等工作来筛选耐迟播大麦种质资源。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,大麦资源的分蘖数显著降低,但大麦资源分蘖的基因型差异很大。16个分子标记共检测到78个多态位点,根据分子标记检测结果,505份迟播资源被划分为8个亚群,各亚群中根据分蘖数选取耐迟播高分蘖资源,共选出55份资源,其中农家品种12份,育成品种(系)35份,国外品种8份。入选的55份高分蘖资源的有效分蘖数也有显著差异,有22份资源的有效分蘖数在两个播期下均显著高于对照,这些高分蘖资源的鉴定为改良大麦品种耐迟播特性提供了重要的基因资源。     

The use of parametric and non-parametric measures for selecting stable and adapted barley lines

This research was carried out to estimate yield stability of 18 barley breeding lines using different parametric and non-parametric statistics across 15 environments during 2012–2015 growing seasons. The results of combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) and additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis showed that environments (E), genotypes (G), GE interaction, as well as the first four interaction principal component axes were highly significant, suggesting that the lines interacted differentially with environments, so further general adaptability and stability analysis across environments should be followed before being introduced for cultivation. Based on correlation coefficient and principal components analysis (PCA), most of the non-parametric statistics were significantly inter-correlated with parametric statistics, hence seem to be suitable alternatives to complement parametric statistics. Furthermore, according to the static and dynamic concepts of stability, the results revealed that stability statistics can be clustered into three groups. The overall stability analysis following different stability methods concluded that four lines (G5, G7, G17 and G20) were highly stable for grain yield in rain-fed conditions of subtropical regions of Iran. Thus, these lines can be recognized as the most stable lines for cultivation in diverse environments of semi-warm regions of Iran.     

大麦DH群体在耐低氮相关遗传连锁图谱初步构建中的运用

为给大麦耐低氮基因的发掘提供参考,以耐低氮品种BI-04和氮敏感品种BI-45为亲本,用通过花药离体培养方法得到的84个单倍加倍体(DH)后代作为作图群体进行耐低氮性遗传图谱的构建。利用376对SSR引物对亲本BI-04和BI-45进行多态性检测,共筛选出76对多态性引物,多态性频率为20.2%。利用Joinmap 4.0作图软件构建BI-04×BI-45 DH群体分子标记连锁图谱,取LOD>3.0进行分子标记连锁分析,构建了含有7个连锁群、27对标记的分子标记连锁图谱,连锁群总长度为303.6 cM,标记之间的平均遗传距离为11.24 cM。这7个连锁群包含了大麦的7条染色体,为大麦耐低氮的QTL分析奠定了一定的基础。     

大麦β 葡聚糖的提取及功能研究进展

大麦是世界上第四大禾谷类作物,其籽粒中的β-葡聚糖是重要的功效成分之一。本文综述了大麦籽粒β-葡聚糖的特性、含量变化和结构特征、提取方法和工艺,以及在大麦饲料、啤酒麦芽、饮料食品、保健医药中的功能研究进展。     

大麦遗传多样性及连锁不平衡分析

为了合理评价引进种质资源,为大麦基因发掘及育种组合配置提供依据,选用分布于全基因组的64个SSR标记,对221份大麦材料进行了基因型分析。共检测到192个等位变异,变幅为2~7个;基因频率变异范围为0.0090~0.9729,平均0.3333;全部位点的基因多样性变化范围在0.0528~0.7807,平均0.4813;多态性信息含量(PIC)变异范围在0.0514~0.7464,平均0.4113。供试材料间遗传相似系数变幅为0.4844~0.9792,平均0.7023。221份材料被划分成两大群7个亚群,国内地方品种与1份北京品种为一大群,国内育种品种与所有国外引进品种为另一群。遗传结构分析与聚类结果基本一致,两大类群间的遗传距离为0.3358,且第二大群多样性比第一大群丰富。2016个SSR位点成对组合中,不论共线性组合还是非共线性组合,都存在一定程度的连锁不平衡(LD)。D′统计概率(P<0.01)支持的LD成对位点830个,占全部位点组合的41.2%,D′平均值为0.4,整体LD水平较高。栽培品种的LD水平高于地方品种,且现代遗传改良的目标性状集中于2H、4H、6H和7H染色体。     

MS based proteomic approaches for analysis of barley malt

In this review, we summarize advances in the proteomic analysis of barley, especially those involving mass spectrometric detection. We focus particularly on monitoring of global protein expression in barley malt and changes in proteins during the technological processing of barley grains.     

差异 NaCl 处理时间对青稞和大麦生理影响的比较

为了确定在较长期NaCl胁迫条件下,青稞和大麦2种抗逆性较强的禾本科作物的耐盐性表型差异,并为应用比较基因组学技术进一步开发利用禾本科作物抗逆遗传资源打下基础。以1．0％及0．5％NaCl溶液（ w／V）处理的大麦和青稞种子苗为材料,检测分析了这2种植物在NaCl胁迫1～5 d（4 d）条件下的营养生长状况及其对外界胁迫条件的生理响应表型。结果表明,相同NaCl胁迫条件下,青稞种子的萌发率显著高于大麦,而且在较长期的NaCl胁迫条件下青稞种子苗根和叶的生长状况均好于同期大麦。种子苗耐盐生理指标测定结果显示,在相同NaCl胁迫条件下青稞组织内的丙二醛（ Malonyldialdehyde ,MDA）含量极显著低于大麦,而脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（ Superoxide dismutase ,SOD）比活力则高于大麦,上述结果显示：青稞幼苗比大麦有更好的耐盐性。     

Grain composition of Virginia winter barley and implications for use in feed,food, and biofuels production

Grain compositional components impacting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) use in food, feed and fuel products, must be combined with improved agronomic traits to produce a commercially viable barley cultivar. Little current information is available on grain composition and variability among winter barley genotypes. This study was conducted to determine the variability among modern hulled and hulless winter barley genotypes in grain composition. Barley types varied significantly in grain and kernel weight, starch, beta-glucan, oil and ash content, but not in protein concentration. Hulless barley had significantly higher grain test weight and starch concentration than hulled and malting types, and significantly higher beta-glucan than malting barley. Hulless barley had significantly lower kernel weights, oil, and ash concentrations than hulled and malting types. Higher starch and lower fiber and ash in grain of hulless barley versus hulled feed or malting type barley are characteristics that increase hulless barley desirability. Selection for high starch concentration among all barley types is feasible and will facilitate development of barley cultivars better suited for use in feed, malt, and ethanol production.     

Plant community diversity influences vector behaviour and Barley yellow dwarf virus population structure

The species composition of a plant community can affect the distribution and abundance of other organisms including plant pathogens. The goal of this study was to understand the role of host diversity in the transmission of two Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) species that share insect vectors and hosts. Greenhouse experiments measured the transmission rate of BYDV species PAV and PAS from infected oat plants to healthy agricultural and wild grasses and from these species back to healthy oat seedlings. In the field component of the study, the rate of spread of PAV and PAS was measured in monoculture plots planted with agricultural grasses. In greenhouse experiments, the aphid vector more readily transmitted PAV from agricultural grasses and more readily inoculated PAS to the wild grass species assayed. In the field experiment, disease prevalence was greater in wheat, but there was no difference in the rate of spread of PAV and PAS. These results indicate an interaction between vector and host genotype that selects for greater PAV transmission in grain crops, contributes to differences in disease prevalence between grass types, and maintains pathogen diversity within the larger plant community (i.e. agricultural and non‐agricultural hosts).     

大麦黄矮病毒运动蛋白在烟草中的瞬时表达

[目的]快速鉴定运动蛋白基因在烟草中的瞬时表达,进一步研究该外源基因的功能。[方法]将大麦黄矮病毒的运动蛋白基因定向克隆到马铃薯X病毒载体上,得到重组的马铃薯X病毒,电击转化农杆菌后,利用农杆菌渗透注射技术注射到本生烟草的叶片中,观察病毒对烟草的侵染状况。[结果]渗透注射后第7天观察,重组病毒载体侵染的烟草系统叶有病毒侵染症状,而对照组未有此现象。对2组试验进行逐日跟踪观察,重组病毒载体侵染的烟草有较严重的病毒侵染症状和叶片卷曲现象,后期引起注射叶及系统叶坏死。而空病毒载体侵染的烟草只有轻微的病毒侵染症状,并能够恢复健康。对侵染的烟草进行RT-PCR检测,结果表明外源基因BYDV-MP在烟草体内进行了正常的转录和表达。[结论]BYDV-MP蛋白促进了PVX的系统侵染速度,加重了系统侵染的病毒症状,是病毒病症的决定因子;利用PVX表达载体表达异源MP的方法是可行的。